1. GENDER ISSUES ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014 Measuring gender inequalities: the UNDP new gender inequality index (E.Chiappero-Martinetti)

2. 2 From the Human Development Reports “The basic objective of human development is to enlarge the range of people's choices. These choices are not fixed for ever. They change over time as circumstances and aspirations change. But at all levels of development, the three essential capabilities for human development are for people to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable and to have a decent standard of living. If these basic capabilities are not achieved many choices are simply not available and many opportunities remain inaccessible” (UNDP, Human Development Report 1/1990)

3. From HDR 1995

4. How to measure HD from a gender perspective? In 2010 HDRs celebrated the 20th anniversary and fully innovated the whole set of indexes Before 2010: HDI – Human Development Index (1990) GDI – Gender Development Index (1995) GEM – Gender Empowerment Measure (1995) HPIs – Human Poverty Indexes (1 & 2) (1997) After 2010: A new HDI IHDI – Inequality adjusted HDI GII – Gender Inequality Index MPI – Multidimensional Poverty Index

6. GDI – an overview A long and healthy life Knowledge A decent standard of living Female adult literacy rate Female GER Female estimated earned income Female education index Female life expectancy index Equally distributed education index Equally distributed income index Gender-related development index (GDI) DIMENSION INDICATOR DIMENSIO N INDEX Female life expectancy at birth Male life expectancy at birth EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED INDEX Male life expectancy index Equally distributed life expectancy index Male adult literacy rate Male GER Male estimated earned income Male education index Female income index Male income index

7. Indicators used in GDI 3 dimensions, 4 indicators 1.A long and healthy life => Life expectancy at birth (F and M) 2.Education: 1.Adult literacy rates (F and M) 2.Gross Enrollment ratio (F and M) 3.A decent standard of living => female/male estimated income (it depends on average wages as well as on participation rates to the labour market)

8. GDI calculation in a nutshell 3 steps: 1.Normalize 2.Combine the dimensions penalizing differences between M and F in achieving results (epsilon=2) 3.aggregate by unweighted average Range: from 0 (no inequality) and 1 (complete inequality) 1/3 (life exp index)+1/3 (edu index) + 1/3 income index)

9. Goalposts for GDI

10. Indicators used in GEM captures gender inequality in 3 key areas: 3 dimensions, 4 indicators: 1.Political participation and decision making power: women’s and men’s % shares of parliamentary seats 2.Economic participation and decision-making power: measured by 2 indicators: M and F % shares of positions as legislators, senior officials and managers M and F% shares of professional and technical positions 3.Power over economic resources as measured by F and M estimated earned income (PPP US$)

11. GEM calculation in a nutshell For each dimension an Equally Distributed Equivalent Percentage (EDEP) is calculated according to this formula and divided by 50 (in an ideal society GEM indicators for M & W would be equal to 50%) GEM is calculated as a simple average of the three EDEPs measure Range: from 0 (no inequality) and 1 (complete inequality)

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13. Indicators used in GII 3 dimensions, 5 indicators 1.Reproductive health: 1.Maternal mortality 2.Adolescent fertility 2.Empowerment 1.Parliamentary representation 2.Educational attainment (secondary level and above) 3.Labour market: labour force participation Range: from 0 (no inequality) and 1 (complete inequality)

15. GII calculation in a nutshell 5 steps: 1.Treating zeros and extreme values: – Maternal mortality: 10 (min) 1000 (max) – Parliamentary representation: if 0 then 0.1 2.Aggregating across dimensions within each group using geometric means – For female and girls – For men and boys

16. GII in a nutshell (2) 3. Aggregating across gender groups, using a harmonic mean(it captures ineq between M & F) 4. Calculating the geometric mean of the arithmetic means for each indicator 5. Calculating the GII as: ….not really an easy task….

17. Read and compare gender indexes across countries and regions and across time HDRs 2004, 2010, 2011,2013 Four groups according to HD (very high, high, medium and low HD; 3 groups in 2004) Single dimensions of HD Other relevant variables Gender indexes vs income measures (GDP)