Intro to

Introduction Organisms in the kingdom Animalia are first divided on whether they have a backbone or not. Invertebrates are animals that DO NOT have a backbone. Vertebrates have a backbone.

Skeletal System Exoskeleton: A type of skeleton that surrounds tissue and is made of Chitin. (external) Endoskeleton: a type of skeleton that is surrounded by tissue. (internal) hydrostatic skeleton -A fluid filled cavity. Jellyfish, squid and octopi

Digestive system The digestive system- involved in chewing and digesting feed. Gastrovascular cavity: Food in- waste out

Nervous System Can be either simple or complex The nervous system is used to carry messages throughout the body. Made of specialized nerve cells. Cephalization- the sensory organs are in the head region.

Respiratory System An animals respiratory system is used to exchange O₂ and CO₂. They will either have lungs or gills.

Circulatory System Main goal is to transport gases and nutrients throughout the blood stream. Open circulatory system – There are no blood vessels and the blood runs freely Closed circulatory system- Contains blood vessels and blood does not run freely.

Reproductive System Either asexual or sexual. Dioecious – one sex or the other Hermaphrodite- having sex organs of both gender Budding- involves only one parent where offspring grow off of the parent.

Body Plans Levels of organization cells- tissues- organs- organ system- organism Tissues- are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Organs- are groups of similar tissues working together to perform a specific function. Organ system- similar organs working together to perform a certain function.

Symmetry There are 3 kinds of symmetry: Radial symmetry- Divided by top and bottom. Bilateral symmetry- Divided into mirror images; left and right. Asymmetry- Cannot be divided into similar pieces.

Body Plans 1. Acoelomate- no cavity exists. 2.  Pseudocoelomate- A cavity exists, but it is not around the gut.  3.  Coelomate- the cavity is lined both on the inside of the body wall and around the gut.

Body Plans Segmentation is a series of repeating units in the body. Jointed Appendages- Allows them to perform complex movement.

Invertebrates

Phylum Porifera Sponges. They do not have organs. They can reproduce sexually or asexually. Adult sponges are sessile; meaning they DO NOT move. Larval sponges are motile; meaning they DO move.

Phylum Cnidaria Jellies, sea anemones and corals. Jellies contain special cells called nematocysts that are used for defense and obtaining food. Reproduce sexually.

Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms. Can reproduce asexually and sexually. Flatworms are hermaphroditic they have both male and female reproductive organs. Flukes can lay eggs in the body can cause irritation and scar tissue.

Phylum Nematoda These are roundworms. Roundworms can live anywhere and are dioecious-they have either male or female sexual organism, but not both. Trichinella can cause trichinosis.

Phylum Annelida Earthworms. Their waste is called castings which provide nourishment to the soil. Hermaphrodites. Body made of sections.

Phylum Mollusca Clams, Oysters, squid, octopus and snails. They have soft bodies, and some have shells Reproduce by gametes.

Phylum Echinodermata Sea Stars and Sea Urchins Reproduce sexually and are capable of regeneration. Can turn its stomach inside out.

Phylum Arthropoda Crustaceans, arachnids and insects These animals have a hard outer covering called an exoskeleton. They are divided into 3 classes: Crustacean Arachnida Insecta

Class Crustacean Mostly live in saltwater. Reproduce sexually and hold their eggs on the underside of the body until they are ready to hatch.

Class Arachnida Most live on land; Some have poison glands that can kill or maim their prey. Reproduce sexually and lay eggs.

Class Insecta Most abundant of all the animals. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly. Life cycle consists of Complete or Incomplete metamorphosis.

Metamorphosis - a series of stages in insect development. Incomplete metamorphosis: Egg- Nymph- Adult Complete metamorphosis: Egg- Larva- Pupa- Adult

Vertebrates