1. INVERTEBRATES

2. I) Phylum: Porifera (sponges)
A) Characteristics
1) asymmetrical bodies
2) 2 body layers
3) specialised cells
i) but no tissues
ii) won’t die if seperated from organism
iii) 4 types:
porocyte, spicules, collar cells, amoebocyte
4) porous body
i) cells in direct contact with environment

3. 5) filter feeders 6) sessile as adults

4. *

7. II) Phylum: Cnidaria
(hydra,jellyfish, sea anemones, corals)

8. hydra

9. sea anemone *

11. coral

13. jellyfish

16. A) Characteristics
1) marine
2)radial symmetry
3)2 cell layers
4)simple nervous system (net-like)
a) tentacles with nematocysts

18. *

19. 5) digestive system with 1 opening!

20. 6) 2 body forms
a) polyp: attached to surface, tentacles up
and/or
b) medusa: flat, mouth down,
moves (contractions or currents)

21. III) worms: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
round worms ( Nematoda)
segmented worms (Annelida)
A) characteristics Platyhelminthes (ex.planaria, tapeworm)
1) bilateral symmetry (definite head!)
2) acoelomate (no body cavity)

22. planaria

23. tapeworm

26. B) characteristics Nematoda
(ex. nematodes)
1) fluid-filled body cavity
2) one-way digestive system
a) 2 openings (mouth & ANUS!)

27. nematodes

30. Parasitic worms:

31. *

32. C) characteristics Annelida
(ex. segmented worms)
1) segmentation
a) division of body into sections
b) animals can increase in size by adding more identical segments
c) different segments can perform different functions
ex. earthworm
2) coelom (fluid filled body cavity)
a) room for complex internal organs

33. earthworm

36. IV) Phylum: Mollusca
A) characteristics
1) bilateral symmetry
2) 3 cell layers
3) coelom
4) 2 body openings
5) soft body, hard shell
a) mantle surrounds internal organs
and secretes calcium carbonate for shell
6) organ systems (circulatory, respiratory, excretory, reproductive, nervous)

37. a) aquatic or terrestrial
B) 3 main groups
1) gastropods (snails, slugs)
a) aquatic or terrestrial
b) carnivorous or decomposers
c) radula for feeding
d) muscular foot
e) sexual fertilisation
i)gametes may meet in water

41. 2) bivalves (clams, mussels)
a) 2 shells (hinged)
b) no cephalization
c) muscular foot

43. 3) cephalopods (squid, octopus)
a) large brain
b) grasp prey with arms,
beak tears apart
c)siphon for movement

45. *

47. V) Phylum: Echinodermata (ex. starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars,
sea cucumbers)
A) Characteristics
1) all marine
2) have coelom
3) have 1-way digestive system
4) most with radial symmetry

49. *
* *

50. 5) no cephalization (head)
6) internal skeleton for protection
and support (endoskeleton)

51. 7) tube feet for locomotion*

53. 8) Sexual reproduction
a) eggs/sperm meet in water
b) also by regeneration in starfish

54. VI) Phylum: Arthropoda
A) characteristics
1) exoskeleton
a) growth ….. Molting
b) prevents dehydration
2) jointed appendages
3) segmented bodies

56. 4) cephalization
a) highly developed nervous system
5) open circulatory system
a) dorsal heart pumps blood from posterior to anterior end

58. B) 2 groups
1) Chelicerates
a) 2 body parts
i) cephalothorax
- head
- thorax (8 legs)
ii) abdomen
b) ex. arachnids, horsehoe crab, scorpions, ticks

60. 2) Mandibulata
a) have mandibles (jaws) for chewing
b) have antennae
c) >3 pairs ofwalking legs
d) 3 groups
i) crustaceans
- marine
Ex. copepods, barnacles, crab, lobster

64. ii) myriapods
(centipedes and millipedes)

65. iii) insects ( bees, termites, buttterflies, beetles)
- 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen)
*specially adapted segments

66. - development = metamorphosis
incomplete (ex. Grasshopper)
or complete (ex. Butterfly)

67. - various types of feeding appendages

68. adaptations in appearance
1)camouflage

69. 2)mimicry

70. reproductive adapatations
1) parthenogenesis
(asexual repr., unfertilised eggs ex. aphid)
2) bodies adapted (ex. May fly)

71. 3) pheromones

72. social behaviours
ex. ants, bees, termites