States of Consciousness Unit V States of Consciousness Waking Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Hypnosis Drugs

Waking Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments http://youtu.be/DOv pF4tKTRU

Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythm periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature http://youtu.be/aF24ZmPwzb0

Sleep and Dreams Sleep REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity

Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep http://youtu.be/fStZPQu GWbs

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing

Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents http://youtu.be/syWF7n9-EZQ (Nightline: Circadian sleep disorders)

Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy: Sleep Apnea persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy: uncontrollable sleep attack http://youtu.be/fW31IanJiAM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw-1o Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings http://youtu.be/LrHQ1e97iYE

Night Terrors and Nightmares 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

SLEEP PARALYSIS A phenomenon in which a person, either falling asleep or awakening, temporarily experiences an inability to move, speak or react; transitional state between wakefulness and sleep often accompanied by terrifying hallucinations. One theory is that it results from disrupted REM sleep, which normally induces complete muscle atonia to prevent the sleeper from acting out his or her dreams. Sleep paralysis has been linked to disorders such as narcolepsy, migraines, anxiety disorders, and obstructive sleep apnea; however, it can also occur in isolation.[1][2]

Sleep Across the Lifespan

Dreams: Freud Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering

DREAM MYTHS All dreams are subconscious wishes: Even Freud didn’t believe this completely-he said some war dreams were fear enactments. All men’s dreams are sexual: A classic study by Calvin Hall and Robert Van de Castle at Miami’s Institute of Dream Research found that only 12 percent of male dreams have sexual content. Dreams cannot predict illness: Michigan State Psychologist Robert Smith found that among 49 patients about to undergo heart catheterization, men who dreamed of death and women who dreamed of separation became sicker than those who did not Dream Symbols have universal meanings: No says experimental psychologist Tore Nielsen, “Dream dictionaries are dumb.” You dream only in black and white: Most people dream in color. You dream only in REM sleep: Dreams last longer and are more vivid in REM sleep but are scattered throughout sleep. Food can’t give you nightmares: Almost anything can affect dreams. Pressure on the leg during sleep can elicit dreams of “strong presences”, perhaps explaining visitations by angels. http://youtu.be/vHVHugGQq-8 BBC documentary: Dream Interpretation

Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings http://youtu.be/CWMEnkyL_qA Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning LUCID DREAMS: Dreams in which one is aware while dreaming and appears to have some control over dream content https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OK3SfNxbK3Y (TedTalk- Tim Post, Snoozon)

Hypnosis Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur http://youtu.be/CnU2Ld1ttoE Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

A STRENGTH OR WEAKNESS OF MIND? Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors DOES HYPNOSIS REFLECT A STRENGTH OR WEAKNESS OF MIND?

Hypnosis Dissociation Hidden Observer a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis Separation of awareness (selective attention and conscious/subconscious…) http://youtu.be/5Kg-M-rYjmc

Explaining Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Physical Dependence: BODY NEEDS IT physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence: MIND NEEDS IT a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence and Addiction Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big Drug Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use http://youtu.be/de_b7k 9kQp0

Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Stimulants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine http://youtu.be/4OS2C4NemJI

Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD http://youtu.be/r3CbfMuR2YA

Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety http://youtu.be/-e-nKifk1iU

Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes http://youtu.be/at3Sg6qvgTE

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash http://youtu.be/4OS2C4NemJI

Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA) LSD THC synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks http://youtu.be/-xtbQMyChrI LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations http://youtu.be/UG7lpcpkSqs

Psychoactive Drugs

Trends in Drug Use Year 80% 70 60 50 High school seniors 40 reporting 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 80% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 High school seniors reporting drug use Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine

Perceived Marijuana Risk ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percent of twelfth graders Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Used marijuana

Near-Death Experiences http://youtu.be/aMqkNqwAJBo -an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death -often similar to drug- induced hallucinations

Near-Death Experiences Dualism the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact Monism the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing