Chap 39 Day 2 Aim: How did Africa become independent?

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Chap 39 Day 2 Aim: How did Africa become independent? Do Now- Pair/Share 1) What is the argument made in this UN Resolution? 2) Why did it issue this proclamation? 3) Based on this text, what do you think are some of the arguments proposed in opposition to decolonization? 2. All peoples have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 3. Inadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence. 4. All armed action or repressive measures of all kinds directed against dependent peoples shall cease in order to enable them to exercise peacefully and freely their right to complete independence, and the integrity of their national territory shall be respected.

National Borders before and after imperialism Compare the European colonization borders with the African national borders.

Decolonization in Africa 19th century “scramble for Africa” Legacy of colonial competition Internal divisions Tribal, Ethnic, Linguistic Religious France and North Africa Abandonment of most territories 1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13 other colonies in 1960 But determination to retain Algeria – WHY? Longer period of French colonization 2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria by WW II

Algerian War of Liberation 1954 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) begins guerilla warfare against France Simmering conflict since French massacre in Sétif, 1945 500,000 French soldiers in war by 1958 War ends with Algerian independence in 1962 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961), manifesto against colonial rule

Négritude: “Blackness” Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization Connection with socialism, Communism Geopolitical implications Post-Independence Difficulties Pax Romana of European colonists Civil wars in Rwanda, Burundi, Angola Economic hardship Instability of democratic regimes WHY?

Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana Led independence movt. – Marches, protests, boycotts (?) 1957 – 1st Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961, affirmation of Ghanese independence and equality

Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and “collaborationist” Africans, 1947 1952 state of emergency declared Overwhelming British military response, 12,000 Africans killed vs. 100 Europeans Bloody, but negotiated withdrawal, independence 1962 Difference between Ghana and Kenya??? Kenya

Tarnishing of Independence Decline of democratic regimes, rise of dictatorships Partial reflection of artificial European boundaries Political immaturity of colonies (?)

Assessment Compare and contrast independence movements in Ghana and Kenya. Write a thesis statement. Exchange with neighbor.