DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis Chapters 9, 10

DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE: ________________________ (SPIRAL LADDER) MADE OF ________________ SUBUNITS _________________ ___________ (DEOXYRIBOSE) NUCLEOTIDE ____________ (A,T,C,G) THE “________________” OF THE LADDER ARE THE SUGAR & PHOSPHATE THE “____________” ARE THE BASES PAIRED UP

BASE PAIRING The _________ of nucleotides creates a ________ Different for every ________________ Even identical twins have some ________________ in their codes

BASE PAIRING DNA IS LIKE THE _________________ IN THE CELL “FACTORY” IT IS LOCATED IN THE _____________ (MAIN OFFICE) OF THE CELL. IT HAS SPECIFIC __________________ FOR EVERY CELL IN YOUR BODY. ONLY THE “PAGES” OR ____________ _____________________ NEEDED BY A PARTICULAR CELL ARE ACTUALLY USED. EX: THE DNA IN YOUR SKIN CELL HAS ALL OF THE INSTRUCTIONS BUT THE ONLY PART THAT IS USED IS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING SKIN.

DNA Replication-Making more DNA WHEN NEW CELLS OR “FACTORIES” ARE NEEDED, THE DNA IS THE _______________ ______________________________. IT OCCURS IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS: THE DNA LADDER “____________” FREE NUCLEOTIDES FLOATING IN THE _______________ PAIR UP WITH THEIR COMPLIMENTS (A-T, C-G) THIS CONTINUES IN ________________ POINTS ALONG THE LADDER UNTIL THE COPYING IS COMPLETE

DNA Replication Making more DNA THE ____________LADDERS EACH CONTAIN ONE OLD STRAND AND ONE NEW STRAND.

RNA - Ribonucleic Acid RNA STRUCTURE: _______________ SUBUNITS __________________ GROUP _______________ (RIBOSE) NUCLEOTIDE __________ (A, U, C or G) __________________ STRAND (ONE SIDE OF A LADDER)

RNA – 3 types FUNCTIONS: TO CARRY A SINGLE DIRECTION (RECIPE) TO THE ___________________ (mRNA) TO BRING THE _____________________ (INGREDIENTS) TO THE RIBOSOME ACCORDING TO THE RECIPE (tRNA) TO ______________________________ (INGREDIENTS) TOGETHER TO MAKE PROTEIN-OR THE CANDY IN OUR FACTORY. (rRNA)

RNA TRANSCRIPTION: copying the DNA code to mRNA DNA “UNZIPS”- ONLY THE _______________ NEEDED FREE NUCLEOTIDES PAIR WITH THEIR ___________________ ONLY A ______________ ________________ OF THE DNA LADDER IS COPIED THE MESSENGER RNA PEELS OFF THE DNA TEMPLATE AND LEAVES THE _____________ TO GO TO THE ________________

Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein Ribosome “____________” the recipe from the mRNA codon tRNA molecules bring the ____________________ in the correct order according to the codon Every 3 bases codes for a particular __________________________ Look up the __________ on the chart to find amino acid Amino acid sequence determines the type of __________________

Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein Summary: DNA is found in ____________ mRNA is made in the __________ from ___________ template mRNA carries the message to the __________________ _____________ is made using mRNA code like a “recipe” and amino acids as “ingredients”

Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein A sequence of DNA contains the code: AAT TCC TGC What would be the amino acid sequence? 1.transcribe: UUA AGG ACG 2.Look up codons on table 3. Leu (leucine) Arg (arginine) Thr (threonine)

What is the amino acid sequence for the DNA strand: ATG TTA TAT GAG ? A. TYR ASN ILE LEU B. MET LEU TYR GLU C. MET TYR ASN ILE STOP D. TYR ASN LEU ILE

Mutations Sometimes a mistake happens during replication: The wrong base pairs up (substitution) An extra base is inserted (insertion) A base is deleted (deletion)

Mutations If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA that the cell needs, a genetic defect is caused If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA not needed by the particular cell, no effect.

All of the following are subunits of a nucleotide except which? A. Phosphate B. Sugar C. Carbohydrate D. Base

Which part of the DNA molecule (“ladder”) contains the sugar and phosphate? A. the “steps” of the ladder B. Nucleotide bases C. Double strands D. the “handrails” of the ladder

What is the role (job) of DNA? A. making sugars B. breaking down sugars C. modifying proteins D. giving directions to the cell

If a scientist compared the DNA sequence of a human, a dog, and a tree, she would find the two most similar sequences would be from the dog and the human. True or False?

What ensures that the DNA code is copied correctly each time? A. bases pair up A-T, C-G B. subunits align C. the “ladder” unzips D. phosphates and sugars pair up

RNA can be found in 3 places RNA can be found in 3 places. These include all but which of the following? A. ribosomes B. cytoplasm C. nucleus D. vacuoles

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA? A. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose B. DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil C. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded D. All of the above are differences between DNA and RNA