1. DNA
"The Blueprint of Life"

2. DNA and Protein Synthesis
REVIEW:
1) Protein- chain of amino acids used for cell
structure & function.
2) DNA- nucleic acid that holds information
for making proteins.
Watson & Crick
- made first correct model of DNA (1953)

4. Structure of DNA
a) Double Helix- shaped as a twisted ladder.
b) Sides composed of sugars & phosphates.
c) Each “step” is made of 2 nitrogen bases
- bases are joined by weak hydrogen bonds.
- Base Bonding
- Adenine – Thymine (A-T)
- Guanine – Cytosine (C-G)

5. Nucleotide!! STRUCTURE of DNA Nucleotide: 3 part subunit of DNA
made of:
1) deoxyribose
2) phosphate
3) Nitrogen Base
Nucleotide!!

6. DNA Replication
- used during cell division(mitosis)
- DNA makes an exact copy of itself
Process
1) Enzymes break bonds between bases
2) DNA separates into 2 halves
3) Free nucleotides pair with correct bases
4) Nucleotides bond until 2 new DNA strands
are formed.
SEMI-CONSERVATIVE - half of the old strand is saved

7. DNA Replication
SEMI-CONSERVATIVE - half of the old strand is saved

8. How does DNA make a protein?

9. DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Proteins are the building blocks organisms (traits)

10. Transcription -  process where RNA is made from DNA Translation - process where proteins are made from RNA

11. How the Code Works
The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have.....
C A T C A T   =  purple hair
T A C T A C  =  yellow hair

12. Think of the bases of DNA like letters. Letters form words
Think of the bases of DNA like letters. Letters form words.... Words form sentences....                 *endless                combinations

13. Differences Between RNA & DNA
DNA uses “Helpers”
RNA( Ribonucleic Acid)
- helps DNA complete protein synthesis
Differences Between RNA & DNA
RNA DNA
SUGAR- Ribose Deoxyribose
BASES- Uracil (no thymine) Thymine
A-U, C-G A-T, C-G
STRAND- Single Double

14. DNA vs. RNA

15. CREATED IN TRANSCRIPTION!!!
Types of RNA
1) mRNA (messenger RNA)
- carries genetic code from nucleus to ribosomes
CREATED IN TRANSCRIPTION!!!
2) tRNA (transfer RNA)
- brings amino acids to ribosomes to make proteins
NEEDED IN TRANSLATION!!!

16. Protein Synthesis(making proteins)
1) Transcription
- process of transferring genetic information from DNA
to RNA
Process
a) Small section of DNA opens
b) RNA nucleotides bond to correct bases of DNA
c) Ribose and phosphate molecules bond forming
a single mRNA strand
d) mRNA strand leaves nucleus & travels to the
ribosomes

17. mRNA
carries the "message" to the ribosomes, where proteins are made.

18. TRANSCRIPTION

19. 2) Translation
- process where amino acids are organized into
proteins
Codons:
- combination of 3 bases on the mRNA
- each codon codes for 1 amino acid
- some amino acids have more than one codon. - some codons start & stop the mRNA chain.

20. CODON CHART

21. Translation Process
a) tRNA anticodons bond with codons of mRNA
b) The opposite end of the tRNA has an amino acid
Example
mRNA codons- AAU AUC GCU
tRNA anticodons- UUA UAG CGA
c) linked amino acids are connected by a peptide bond
d) tRNA anticodons release to retrieve another
amino acid

22. TRANSLATION

23. Mutations - any changes in genetic material Types 1) Gene Mutation
- mutations that involve only one gene or one base
Example
Point Mutations(one base):
a) Substitution- when one base is replaced
by another.
b) Frameshift- when the entire code shifts
due to one base being added
or deleted.

24. Point Mutation

25. Frameshift Mutation

26. 2) Chromosome Mutation
- mutation that affects multiple bases and/or
multiple genes.
Example
a) Deletion- loss of all/part of a chromosome
b) Insertion- addition of extra gene(s)
c) Inversion- location of genes are reversed
d) Translocation- part of a chromosome
breaks off and attaches to
another chromosome.

27. Chromosome Mutations