1. Nucleic Acids Made of Nucleotides
Nucleotide - 1 Sugar; 1 Phosphate; 1 Nitrogen Base
2 types
DNA
RNA

2. DNA Structure
Ladder shape with 2 chains of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate... connected by pairs of Nitrogen Bases

3. Nucleic Acids - DNA Structure

4. Nucleic Acids - DNA Structure
Nitrogen bases connected by “hydrogen bonds” [weak]
Ladder is twisted into double spiral - Double Helix
Sugar is Deoxyribose
2 Types of Nitrogen bases
Adenine & Guanine
Thymine & Cytosine
Adenine always bonds with Thymine
Guanine always bonds with Cytosine

5. Nucleic Acids RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
Helps transport Genetic information
Helps in the making of Protein [Protein Synthesis]
Structure -
One half of a DNA Ladder shape

6. Nucleic Acids - RNA - Structure
Sugar is Ribose
1 Nitrogen base substitution
RNA has no THYMINE
Rna has URACIL instead

7. REPLICATION
(DNA makes a copy of itself)
1- Enzymes break hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases
2- DNA ‘unzips’
3- Free DNA nucleotides bond to exposed nitrogen bases on both sides
[ A bonds to T ; C bonds to G ]
4- Enzymes link nucleotides together
RESULT- 2 identical strands of DNA

8. Protein Synthesis
A process in 2 parts
Transcription
Translation

9. Protein Synthesis - Transcription
#1 Transcription (DNA makes a messenger RNA blue print)
-Enzymes unzip DNA like in replication
-RNA nucleotides bond to one side of unzipped DNA
-RNA nucleotides have ribose instead of deoxyribose and have uracil instead of thymine
-RNA nucleotides bond together sugar-phosphate to become mRNA
-New mRNA breaks off from DNA and goes to ribosome
-DNA zips back up

10. Protein Synthesis - Translation
#2 Translation (mRNA information is used to make protein)
-mRNA goes to ribosome
-Ribosome (made of rRNA) “reads” the first 3 nitrogen bases (Called a codon) and “calls for” a tRNA with the matching anticodon

11. Protein Synthesis - Translation
#2 Translation (mRNA information is used to make protein)
-mRNA goes to ribosome
-Ribosome (made of rRNA) “reads” the first 3 nitrogen bases (called a codon) and “calls for” a tRNA with the matching anticodon
Amino Acid
tRNA (transfer RNA)
Anticodon

12. Protein Synthesis - Translation
-tRNA bonds to mRNA
-Ribosome reads the next codon (3 bases) and “calls for” the next tRNA
Next tRNA bonds to mRNA
-Enzymes link the amino acids together
-The first tRNA leaves its amino acid and goes to get more
The ribosome moves on and so on, and so on until the protein is complete

13. The Genetic Code
The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.

14. The Genetic Code
The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.

15. MUTATION -Change in genetic information that can be inherited
2 main types
-Chromosomal Mutations
-Gene Mutations

16. MUTATION Chromosomal Mutations major types -Nondisjunction
-Translocation [Crossing Over]
- 2 chromosomes tangle with each other and switch parts

17. MUTATION Gene Mutations Mutations that affect only one gene 2 types
-Point Mutation (Substitution) - One nucleotide is substituted for another
-Frameshift Mutation- One nucleotide is added (addition) or deleted (deletion)

18. MUTATION
Which of these two types of gene mutations can create the most change?
Justify your answer.

19. Replication

31. Protein
Synthesis