1. Why do we use mice to conduct medical experiments?

2. DNA and Genes
Chapter 11

4. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Polymer of repeating units of nucleotides
Simple sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

5. Structure
Two strands of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases
Weak hydrogen bonds
Adenine always pairs with thymine
Guanine always pairs with cytosine
Double helix

6. Replication Enzyme breaks hydrogen bond between bases DNA “unzips”
Each side of original DNA strand becomes a template strand for complementary strand to form on
Free floating nucleotides attach to their base pair by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases and covalent bonds between sugar and phosphate groups

8. Interesting facts about DNA
If you unwrap the DNA from all your cells and stretched it out-it would reach to the moon 6000 times
A chromosome can have between 50 million and 250 million base pairs
The average gene is between 10,000 to 15,000 bases long
Humans have 20,000 to 25,000 genes
It takes about 8 hours for one of your cells to copy it’s DNA

9. Build a DNA molecule
Use your materials and follow the instructions to complete your DNA molecule

10. From DNA to Protein It is the job of the cell to make proteins
These proteins from complex, 3D shapes that become structures and enzymes
Proteins are polymers of amino acids

11. RNA Nucleic acid Single stranded Sugar is ribose (DNA-deoxyribose)
Uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) in DNA-forms base pair with adenine (A)
The actual worker that builds the protein
Three types
mRNA-messenger
rRNA-ribosomal
tRNA-transfer

12. Transcription A RNA copy is made of a segment of DNA
mRNA forms complementary sequence
Leaves nucleus to enter cytoplasm

13. Codon
A group of three nitrogenous bases of mRNA that code for one amino acid
Codon chart on page 292

14. Translation
Process of converting mRNA information into a sequence of amino acids to from proteins
Takes place at the ribosomes (made up of rRNA)
tRNA brings a specific amino acid to the ribosome
Anticodon forms base pair with codon

16. MiniLab 11.1 on page 293 A B C D E DNA Base Sequence Process
mRNA Codon
tRNA
Anticodon
Amino Acid
AAT
GGG
ATA
AAA
GTT

17. LINCS DNA replication Codon Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transcription
Transfer RNA
Translation