Mechanisms and Types of Trauma

Vitals Review http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKRQkYoxIUU (Sport Science: tennis ball to groin)

What is “Trauma” Trauma: “a physical injury or wound sustained in sport and produced by an external or internal force” (Prentice)

Tissue Properties Load: “outside force or forces acting on the tissue” (Prentice) Stress: “internal resistance to an external load” (Prentice) Strain: “extent of deformation of tissue under loading” (Prentice) Tissue is elastic [some more than others (bone vs msl)] Certain amount of strain/deformation is normal

Strain http://media1.break.com/dnet/media/2008/9/94%20Baseball%20Butt%20Shot.jpg

Tissue Properties cont. Yield Point: “elastic limit of tissue” (Prentice) Mechanical Failure: “elastic limit of tissue is exceeded, resulting in tissue damage” (Prentice)

Types of Stress Tension- pulling or stretching of a tissue http://www.wikinoticia.com/images/demedicina/demedicina.com.wp-content.uploads.ft_codotenista011_thumb.jpg Types of Stress http://www.hughston.com/hha/b.quads.gif Tension- pulling or stretching of a tissue Ex: traction injuries, headaches Stretching- muscle stretching beyond yield point Ex: msl strains, lig sprains, avulsion injuries Compression- crushes tissue (with enough energy) Tissue can absorb some, but only to certain extent

Types of Stresses Shearing- force moving across tissue in parallel fashion Ex: blisters, abrasions Bending- force along horizontal aspect of tissue Ex: fractures of bones http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/orthopod/images/bones/forcesbending.jpg

Types of Skin Wounds Friction Blister- collection of fluid below or within the epidermis of the skin Abrasion- dermis and epidermis are scraped away after contact with a surface, exposing capillaries Contusion- a blow causes bleeding under the skin

Types of Skin Wounds Incision- skin is sharply cut (well-defined cut) Laceration- skin is irregularly torn (not well-defined) Puncture Wound- penetration of an object through the skin Avulsion- skin is ripped away from its source

Caring for Skin Wounds Assume that wound is contaminated Clean well with soap and water or chemical agent Avoid bacterial solutions and hydrogen peroxide initially if possible Dress with sterile dressing to prevent further contamination Change dressing regularly Antibacterial agents used later during changing of dressing to eliminate surface bacteria

Question of the Day… What are the five types of tissue stresses? Tension, Stretching, Compression, Shearing, and Bending

Signs of Infection Pain Heat Swelling Increased cellular activity and blood flow results in warmth Swelling Sign of inflammatory response T-cells, B-cells, other cells at work at work

Signs of Infection Redness Pus accumulation Dysfunction Fever Surrounding wound and extending from wound (usually along path of veins) Pus accumulation Increased presence of white blood cells that are full of waste from phagocytosis Dysfunction Fever Increased temperature to try and kill invading microorganisms