“Over There” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkTvb47OCsM

AIM: How did the United States prepare for war on the home-front?

I. Mobilizing Troops A. Selective Service Act (1917) - draft

B. Military Draft Act of 1917 Prohibited prostitution and alcohol near training camps – promote high moral and civic purposes

2. 18th Amendment Gave Americans a moral superiority to the Germans. Allowed for all grain to be used for food production rather than alcohol

C. American Doughboys

2 million doughboys (American Expeditionary Force) fought in Europe. 112,000 died

II. Mobilizing Industry and Economy War Industries Board (Baruch) – created to stimulate and direct industrial production Food Administration (Hoover) – Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, Victory Gardens

C. National War Labor Policies Board Resolved labor disputes, 8 hour work day, minimum wages, collective bargaining Wages rose Women entered workforce

D. Liberty Bonds Aimed at all Americans Spirit of common cause muted Nativism

E. Great Migration Immigration comes to a halt. Millions of Blacks move north to fill jobs in steel, meatpacking, shipbuilding and mining. Chance to leave “Jim Crow” of the south

Segregated Military Race Riots on their return home from war.

III. Controlling Public Opinion CREEL Committee or Committee on Public Information (George Creel) 1. in charge of stirring up patriotic fervor 2. “Four Minute Men” – gave brief pep talks 3. Posters, pamphlets, films, cartoons – brave Americans, evil Huns 4. Hollywood Stars: Chaplain, Pickford, Fairbanks

B. Anti-German Sentiment No German taught in schools; no German music; German’s were lynched Sauerkraut = Liberty Cabbage

John Meintz – tarred and feathered for not supporting a bond drive during WWI

C. Civil Liberties in the War Espionage Act (1917), Trading with the Enemy Act, Sedition Act (1918) a. Gave gov’t sweeping powers to punish any activity “disloyal, profane, or abusive to the American flag or uniform b. Could not interfere with draft

Blocked mailing privileges for disloyal publications Limited civil liberties (Anarchist rally in NY Union Square 1914)

Description: "Woman anarchist leader and aid in draft war Description: "Woman anarchist leader and aid in draft war. Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman convicted of conspiracy against draft law and sentenced to two years in penitentary and finded $10,000 each, July 9, 1917."

Shenck The case involved a prominent socialist, Charles Schenck, who attempted to distribute thousands of flyers to American servicemen recently drafted to fight in World War I. Schenck's flyers asserted that the draft amounted to "involuntary servitude" proscribed by the Constitution's Thirteenth Amendment (outlawing slavery) and that the war itself was motivated by capitalist greed, and urged draftees to petition for repeal of the draft. Schenck was charged by the U.S. government with violating the recently enacted Espionage Act

2. Schenk v. United States (1919) A. Supreme Court decided that free speech could be limited when such speech posed a “Clear and Present Danger” to the nation