2.  Encouraged to enter industry and agriculture to replace laborers fighting in War  Over 1 mil. Women worked in the industry (munitions plants, delivered messages, ran elevators)  Volunteers (Ex: Red Cross)  After the War, Wilson endorsed women suffrage as a “vitally necessary war measure” which led to 19 th Amendment

8.  Great Migration from 1915 to 1930 (especially during WWI  Led to race riots  Most AA lived in Ghettos & pay higher rents  W.E.B Dubois: supported the war effort as a victory that would improve life for blacks in democracy  Also part of the Draft (however, excluded in Navy & Marines  Most were assigned to noncombat duties Jacob Lawrence

12.  Especially anti-German & Austria- Hungary  Many people with German-sounding names lost their jobs  Orchestras refused to play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven…  Schools stopped teaching German language  Some lynching occurred  Names of Cities and other German- inspired words changed  Ex: Dachshunds = liberty pups  Sauerkraut = Liberty cabbage  German measles = Liberty measles

13.  Fall 1918 into 1919  25% of US population  Led to shut down of mines, telephone services, factories  And coffin shortages  500,000 Americans died (40 mil. Worldwide)

14.  Espionage Act of 1917  Provided fines & Imprisonments for persons making false statements aiding the enemy, obstructing sale of bonds, inciting rebellion in the military, or obstructing draft recruitment  Sedition Act of 1918  Forbade any criticism of the govt, flag, or uniform  Cannot say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the govt.  Espionage & Sedition Act  Targeted socialists & labor leaders  Resulted in over 6,000 arrests and 1,900 prosecutions  Eugene Debs received 10 yr. sentence for discussing economic causes of the war (pardoned by Harding)

15.  Abrams v. U.S. (1919): TESTED CONSTITUIONALITY OF SEDITION ACT  This U.S. Supreme Court decision upheld the constitutionality of the Sedition Act (1918) which made it a crime to speak disloyally of the U.S. government or interfere with the war effort.  Schenck v. U.S. (1919): TESTED CONST. OF ESPIONAGE ACT  Under the Espionage Act of 1917 persons who interfered with the war effort by making speeches or writing articles encouraging violating of draft laws were subject to imprisonment.  Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. sustained the constitutionality of the Espionage Act on the grounds that freedom of speech and press may be limited when there is a “clear and present danger” to the nation.

16.  http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/ww1poster s/4963 http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/ww1poster s/4963  http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay- world-war-i.html http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay- world-war-i.html