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WWI & Impact on the Homefront

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1 WWI & Impact on the Homefront

2 Women Encouraged to enter industry and agriculture to replace laborers fighting in War Over 1 mil. Women worked in the industry (munitions plants, delivered messages, ran elevators) Volunteers (Ex: Red Cross) After the War, Wilson endorsed women suffrage as a “vitally necessary war measure” which led to 19th Amendment

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8 African Americans Great Migration from 1915 to 1930 (especially during WWI Led to race riots Most AA lived in Ghettos & pay higher rents W.E.B Dubois: supported the war effort as a victory that would improve life for blacks in democracy Also part of the Draft (however, excluded in Navy & Marines Most were assigned to noncombat duties Jacob Lawrence

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10 369TH iNFANTRY

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12 Anti Immigrant Hysteria
Especially anti-German & Austria-Hungary Many people with German-sounding names lost their jobs Orchestras refused to play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven… Schools stopped teaching German language Some lynching occurred Names of Cities and other German-inspired words changed Ex: Dachshunds = liberty pups Sauerkraut = Liberty cabbage German measles = Liberty measles

13 Flu Epidemic Fall 1918 into 1919 25% of US population
Led to shut down of mines, telephone services, factories And coffin shortages 500,000 Americans died (40 mil. Worldwide)

14 Restrictions on Civil Liberties
Espionage Act of 1917 Provided fines & Imprisonments for persons making false statements aiding the enemy, obstructing sale of bonds, inciting rebellion in the military , or obstructing draft recruitment Sedition Act of 1918 Forbade any criticism of the govt, flag, or uniform Cannot say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the govt. Espionage & Sedition Act Targeted socialists & labor leaders Resulted in over 6,000 arrests and 1,900 prosecutions Eugene Debs received 10 yr. sentence for discussing economic causes of the war (pardoned by Harding)

15 IMPORTANT Supreme COURT DECISIONS
Abrams v. U.S. (1919): TESTED CONSTITUIONALITY OF SEDITION ACT This U.S. Supreme Court decision upheld the constitutionality of the Sedition Act (1918) which made it a crime to speak disloyally of the U.S. government or interfere with the war effort. Schenck v. U.S. (1919): TESTED CONST. OF ESPIONAGE ACT Under the Espionage Act of 1917 persons who interfered with the war effort by making speeches or writing articles encouraging violating of draft laws were subject to imprisonment. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. sustained the constitutionality of the Espionage Act on the grounds that freedom of speech and press may be limited when there is a “clear and present danger” to the nation.

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