Homework – Book 1 Pg 196 Complete the connector activities on the ‘Group Success’ Tab – answering the questions after reviewing the two videos on the mypeexam.org website Annotate ‘Ryder Cup’ article This section could well be the strategy for the tactics section of your coursework

Card Exercise Need one observer One group of 4 One group of 3 1 person on their own

How does this link to group dynamics?

Groups have: Collective identity Common shared goal Communication Interaction

Evolution of a group - Forming – Storming – Norming - Performing - Tuckman (1965)

Tuckman’s model

What happened to AVB at Chelsea and Tottenham and vice versa?

Tuckman’s model

Different types of cohesion Task cohesion Social cohesion

Group dynamics example

Bootcamp It takes people from all backgrounds, and from different parts of the country who may have nothing in common. They are given the same appearance, which identifies them as the same. The instructor gives them a shared negative experience that will give them something in common. In one quick experience they become a group.

Which is more important and why? Task or social cohesion

Measuring cohesion – Not needed for exam but can be used for the coursework Observation of behaviour Sociogram Questionnaire - The Group Environment Questionnaire

Do cohesive groups win? There are exceptions - Rodman and Jordan Desire to win may supersede personal dislikes task cohesion overcomes social cohesion Cohesion alone cannot ensure success.

Factors (antecedents) that contribute to cohesion (Carron 1982) What are the factors that affect group cohesiveness? (4 marks) Personal characteristics Environmental / situational factors Leadership style Team factors

CARRON’S MODEL Page 198 Set our a Cornell table to make notes and ask questions PELT

Strategies to develop an effective group and cohesion What strategies have your coaches / teachers used?

Productivity (Steiner’s Model) Actual Productivity Potential Productivity Faulty Processes - = If 2 individuals in a tug-of-war team are each able to pull 100kg, their potential productivity is 200kg. However, they will pull less than this, probably around 180kg - because of the inability to coordinate their efforts and/or because each person might expect the other to carry the main load. Therefore there are process losses of 20kg.

Who is going to win?? Group A will beat Group B if: Group A possesses greater relevant resources and experiences fewer or equal process losses Group A possesses equal relevant resources but experiences fewer process losses Group A possesses less resources but experiences much less process loss

Football example with numbers If Arsenal’s potential productivity = 90 and Hull City’s potential productivity = 60, Hull can still win. If Arsenal experience process losses equal to 40, and Hull only lose 5, Hull’s actual productivity will = 55, while Arsenal will = 50. This is how giant killings happen each year.

Causes of process losses Process losses are commonly caused by: Co-ordination losses eg… Motivational loses eg…

Think back to the card sort

The Ringlemann effect Ringlemann observed individuals, groups of 2, 3, and 8 people pulling on a rope. Did 2 people pull twice as hard as 1 person? NO! 1 in a group of 2 pulled on average 93% of the individual score. In groups of 3 it fell to 85%, and groups of 8 to 49%.

Social loafing “The tendency for individuals to put in less than maximum effort when working as part of a group”. This is different from the Ringlemann effect. How? Latane (1979) found that people in groups do not clap as hard as individuals - individual effort is lost in a crowd!

How to beat social loafing and the Ringlemann effect! Identify individual contribution - individual playing statistics - this be detrimental to cohesion Increase peer pressure Improve group co-ordination skills (set plays) Select ‘team players’ Give more responsibility / set individual roles / targets

What else can coaches do? Limit process losses. Ensure that players are clear about their roles within the team. Establish clear team rules and expectations. Encourage social cohesion, but do not expect everyone to socialize together. Democracy increases cohesion - allow the team to make some decisions. Team building exercises.

Summary A group is 2 or more individuals working towards a common goal. Group cohesion can be related to the task or to social relationships. The Ringlemann effect and social loafing explain how some groups under-perform.

Compare these examples ‘Team’ talks Team talks are open only to group members. As such they bring the group together. Some team talks are more effective than others… Compare these examples

Video

A review of goal setting