1. Part 7 Optimising Performance Part C: Social Learning
Define social
Define learning
An alternative theory to conditioning.
Although Bandura viewed learning and behaviour as being linked to reinforcements, he termed them “vicarious reinforcements”.
The two elements of this being imitation and observation.

2. Bandura’s observational model of learning
A four stage process. (pg )
Attention: must be given to the model by the learner
Retention: learner must be able to retain the skill in their memory and have the ability to recall it.
First 2 stages involve receiving and processing information=Perception

3. Bandura’s observational model of learning
Motor production: The learner must have reached a stage of sufficient physical development so that they can actually perform the skill.
Motivation: The learner will not perform the skill unless they are motivated to do so. External rewards may help in the early stages but intrinsic motivation is better
These stages involve skill performance =psychomotor element

4. The Ringlemann Effect
Individual abilities do not necessarily add up to group performance
Ringlemann noticed that groups of 2, 3, 8 people pulling on a rope did not pull as much as their individual efforts suggested they would.
Research suggests that in such a simple task it is not co-ordination but motivation which is the problem.
The “Ringlemann effect or “Social Loafing”.

5. Strategies to avoid social loafing
Identify situations which allow social loafing to occur.
Identify individual contributions and not just group outcomes.
Ensure that individuals understand importance of their contribution and role within the team.
Al players contributions should be identified and evaluated individually and sometimes publicly. (keep statistics).
Regular feedback on individuals contributions and effort should be given.