1. Team Dynamics Learning objectives
To understand the dynamics of a group and the factors influencing them.
To be able to describe how group are formed.
To understand the terms ‘ringlemann effect’ and ‘social loafing’

2. Team Dynamics
The task of bringing together a collection of performers and moulding them is a key priority in many sports.
‘A champion team will defeat a team of individual champions.’

3. Team Dynamics
A group definition: “a number of people who communicate with each other and who work towards a common objective or goal”
According to Carron, a group will only form a ‘bond’ if the following characteristics are in place.
2 or more individuals interacting
A collective identity
A sense of a shared purpose or goal
A clear structure of communication

4. Team Dynamics Are these classified as groups?
A collection of people who are weight training in a sports centre?
Spectators at a football match?
Spectators at a horse race?
A tennis doubles pair?

5. Stages of group formation
Groups are formed over time by passing through 4 stages:
Forming: Group gets together. They will start to test relationships and work out their roles.
Storming: During this stage there is a heightened tension. Rebels may emerge against the leader and competition for status/roles begins.

6. Stages of group formation
Norming: Norms/rules/behavioural standards are stabilised. Co-operation starts to replace conflict and group cohesion begins.
Performing: Maturation of group has been achieved and relationships established.
The group is now able to work as a unit with a primary goal being group success.

7. Stages of group formation
These stages take time to develop. New player/players leaving calls for adjustments and performance can be negatively affected. Different sports take different times for teams to mature and for teams to remain on top.
The life of successful teams depends on a number of factors e.g. type of sport, age of players.

8. Group Cohesion What is group cohesion?
The word cohesion comes from the Latin ‘cohaesus’ meaning ‘’to cleave or stick together’. A group which is cohesive is one that sticks together and remains united in order to achieve its goals.
‘‘The creation of team spirit and the building of ‘the good team’ is one of the coaches most important jobs’’

9. Group Cohesion
Definition: “a dynamic process which is reflected in the tendency of the group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its goals and objectives”

10. Group Cohesion There are 2 models of group cohesion:
Task Cohesion – Relates to the way in which team members work with each other to successfully complete a task
Task cohesion is most important within interactive team games

11. Group Cohesion
Social Cohesion – Involves personal relationships within the group and relies on individuals enjoying social interaction.
Social cohesion is most important in co-active sports e.g tennis doubles

12. Influences on Cohesion
It is suggested there are a number of factors that contribute to the cohesion of a group.
Environmental factors: These include the size of the group and external threats. i.e. media stories.
Personal factors: Satisfaction Similarity of experience

13. Influences on Cohesion
Research has identified the following strategies to help build group cohesion:
Having a group name
Having a uniform
Using certain colours / jackets
Using motivational posters
Having a group anthem

14. Factors Affecting on Cohesion
According to Steiner (1972) the success of team is based on the following formula:
Actual productivity =
Potential productivity – losses to group processes

15. Factors Affecting on Cohesion
In order to improve team performance coaches need to increase the motivation and performance of individual players (potential productivity) whilst reducing faulty group processes:
Group roles
Social Loafing
Arousal
Co-ordination
Group cohesion

16. Factors Affecting on Cohesion
The Ringlemann Effect: Ringlemann measured the amount of effort exerted by individuals participating in tug of war events with increasingly large numbers of team members (up to 8 in a team)
As the group/teams increased in size, the individual effort of each team deteriorated.

17. Factors Affecting on Cohesion
Ringlemann attributed this phenomenon to reduced co-ordination and decreased motivation.
Tendency for some individuals to put in less than maximum effort when working as part of a group.

18. Factors Affecting on Cohesion
Social Loafing: This is where a performer attempts to hide when in a group situation. Often the player will ‘coast’ through the game and not performing to their maximum potential.

19. Social Loafing
This phenomenon has been attributed to a number of factors: Not wanting to be a ‘sucker’ and do all the work for others who are not so committed The belief that others will cover for your lack of effort The belief of the individual that their efforts will make little difference The individual effort not being recognised i.e. lost in the crowd

20. Methods to overcome Social Loafing
Identifying situations which allow social loafing to occur. Identifying individual’s contribution within the team effort e.g. team statistics Increasing peer pressure Giving more responsibility/setting individual roles/targets Ensuring individuals recognise the roles of others Using extrinsic motivation – e.g. man of the match awards

21. Exam Style Questions.
1. Games players often play in teams and have to ensure that they have sufficient energy to last the duration of the match.
Carron (1982) defined cohesion as ‘a dynamic process which is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its goals and objectives’.
(b) Name and explain the four stages that teams (groups) go through during their formation (4 marks)

22. 2. Elite performers often train by themselves, but may on occasions train as part of a group.
(a) How would you distinguish a group from a collection of individuals? (4 marks)