Chapter 9 Section 2 Industrialization Case Study: Manchester Objective: Analyze the impact of industrialization on society Vocabulary: Urbanization & Middle Class New: Imagine 100,000 people move to Los Angeles tomorrow, what are some positive or negative effects it would have on people’s lives? Why? Review: What was the Industrial Revolution? List the factors of production

Setting the Stage Industrialization eventually led to a better quality of life for most people Rapid industrialization brought plentiful jobs, but it also caused unhealthy working conditions, air/water pollution, & the ills of child labor It also led to class tensions, especially between the working class & the middle class People did live longer lives due to better quality of life but these conditions were brutal

Industrialization Changes Life By the 1800s, people could earn higher wages in factories rather than on farms People wore better clothing, woven on power looms in England’s industrial cities & ate more food Cities swelled with waves of job seekers Why were they able to eat more food? All of the following were reasons people were able to eat more food EXCEPT -Selective Breeding -Crop Rotation -Spinning Jenny

Check for Understanding All of the following were reasons the people could eat more, EXCEPT which one? Selective Breeding Crop Rotation Spinning Jenny Sentence Starter: _________ was not a reason that people were able to eat more during the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Cities Rise The number of European cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47 Urbanization: the growth of cities & the migration of people into them Factories developed in clusters because they were built near sources of energy London had a population of about one million & was Europe’s largest city Needed water & coal Manchester grew from 45,000 in 1760 to 300,000 in 1850

Living Conditions England had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes England lacked adequate housing, education, & police protection for the people who poured in from the countryside to seek jobs Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with whole families crowding in one bedroom Average life span was 17 for the working-class citizens living in the city Unpaved streets with no drains, garbage collected in heaps Sickness was widespread Average life in the rural area was 38 years old

Working Conditions Factory owners wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week Factories were seldom lit or clean; Machines injured workers There was no government program to provide aid in case of injury Women & children were employed in different industries because they were the cheapest source of labor Work remained the same day after day, week after week, year after year Why would you want government aid in case of an injury?

Class Tensions Grow The Industrial Revolution created enormous amounts of wealth in the nation Most of this wealth belonged to factory owners, shippers, & merchants Middle Class: social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, & wealthy farmers Many of the wealth were also these types of people who organize & manage businesses

The Middle Class The new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain The upper middle class consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, & managers The lower middle class included factory overseers & skilled workers What do you notice about the difference between upper & middle class workers? They enjoyed a comfortable standard of living

Check for Understanding What do you notice about the difference in the type of workers in the Upper & Lower Middle Class? Sentence Starter: Some differences between Upper & Lower Middle Class are __________.

The Working Class The working class, saw little improvement in their living & working conditions Some people tried to destroy the machines they felt were putting them out of work The Luddites attacked whole factories by destroying laborsaving machinery Mobs of workers rioted, mainly because of poor living & working conditions A machine could do the jobs of the lower working class, putting them out of work Self-check out

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution created jobs & contributed to the wealth of the nation There was more technological progress & inventions It also produced healthier diets, better housing, & cheaper clothing For the working class, it took longer, but their lives gradually improved The eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, & better working conditions

Long-Term Effects Living & working conditions vastly improved Profits derived from industrialization produced tax revenues Profits from industrialization allowed local, state, & federal governments to invest in urban improvements & raised the standard of living

The Mills of Manchester Manchester’s rapid, unplanned growth made it an unhealthy place for the poor who lived & worked there However, wealth flowed from its factories & eventually the working class saw their standard of living improve Children were beaten to stay awake & used on the most dangerous machine due to their tiny hands Factory Act of 1819, finally put restrictions on working age & hours Do you think its important to put a restriction on working age & hours? Why? Children as young as 6 would join their parents at work