2018 AP World History Chapter 25 Varieties of Imperialism in Africa, India, Southeast Asia and Latin America, 1750-1914 2018 AP World History Chapter 25

I. Changes and Exchanges in Africa Serious drought hit the coastlands caused conflicts over grazing and farm lands Shaka of the Zulu kingdom used this internal conflict to strengthen and expand the Zulu The Zulu succeeded in creating a new national identity New Muslim states became centers of Islamic learning and reform In West Africa, movements to purify Islam led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate The Sokoto Caliphate perpetuated the African slave trade British defeat of French & Dutch forces in the Napoleonic Wars allowed Britain to expand its control in South Africa, SE Asia and Caribbean The Cape Colony was of strategic importance as a supply station on the route to India In response to British pressure, the Afrikaners migrated to new colonies called the Great Trek

Growing cotton for export paid for Egyptian modernization Muhammad Ali of Egypt used the shock of Napoleon’s occupation of Egypt to create a modern Egypt Growing cotton for export paid for Egyptian modernization Built a modern state based on cotton exports until the end of the American Civil War when the American cotton market resumed A dispute over the French repaying Algerian loans resulted in the French invasion into Algeria European explores carried out peaceful expeditions – David Livingstone from Scotland Investigating African geographic mysteries Tracing path of Africa’s great rivers & looking for mineral wealth Trying to convert Africans to Christianity

Slave revolts and humanitarian reform movements ended the slave trade Britain were the greatest slave trades BUT later became the most aggressive suppressers Slaves taken off illicit trade ships by the British known as “Recaptives” were taken to Sierra Leone To get European manufactured goods, Africans expanded their “legitimate” trade through developing new exports – Palm Oil Slave trade moved to the East African market Demand for ivory along the E. African coast created large personal trading companies Became secondary empires of Europe because they depended on European weapons but were not controlled by European

II. India Under British Rule Defeating the French and picking apart the Mughal Empire allowed the British to colonize India through the East India Company The “Bombay Presidency” was territory taken over by the EIC after defeating the Maratha Confederation The power of India was divided by European & Iranian forces The Maratha Confederation Nawabs Indian troops who were hired and trained to protect European companies’ warehouses were called Sepoys

British reign or raj over India – the invocation of “tradition” in India was used to Enhance and benefit their supporters in British-ruled India Endow religious leaders with power to maintain control over the population Enforce the image of Britain’s monarchy & wealth Provide a justification to keep control over the population Expanding agricultural production and decreasing industrial output transformed the Indian economy

Changes in government included Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 failed because there was no sense of Indian nationalism It was a turning point in Indian history – India ruled directly by the British government Changes in government included Law guaranteeing all Indians equal protection and freedom of religion and social custom Respect for the rights of Indian princes loyal to the Crown and a viceroy governor-general in Delhi

The Indian Civil Service was open to all who wanted to apply but in practice it excluded Indians British government built irrigation systems, railroads and telegraph lines, by 1870, India was among the largest railroad system Freer movement of people caused the spread of cholera also known as kala mari (black death) Only way for Indians to regain control of their destiny was to promote a Pan-Indian nationalism Rammouhan Roy was the first reformer to advocate Pan-Indian nationalism Establishing schools and universities instilled nationalism The Indian National Congress promoted ethnic and religious unity

III. Southeast Asia and the Pacific Promoting British trade overseas was the goal of British Imperialism of the 19th century Clipper ships gave significant momentum to increasing global commercial expansion Clipper ships used iron to fasten timbers together and huge canvas sails= larger, faster vessels which lowered the cost of shipping American would not accept more exiled convicts so Britain sent them to Australia Britain learned from the American colonies and encouraged self- government in the South Pacific – avoided conflicts like revolutions This self government satisfied settler’s desires for greater control and muted demands for independence. Colonies also had to pay for their own expenses

IV. Imperialism in Latin America Latin American countries were economically dependent on the U.S. and Britain, were torn by class divisions of indigenous elites versus European-born people and had significantly different evolutions Loss of land to the Mexican and American elites impoverished the Mexican peasantry Constitutionalists = middle-class and industrial workers They eventually won control in Mexico because they controlled oil exports and used the profits to buy weapons They adopted many agrarian and social reforms and defeated and killed Zapata and Villa Mexico’s National Revolutionary Party created a forum for labor, peasants, and business

V. The World Economy and the Global Environment The economic changes brought by Europeans and Americans altered environments around the world. Forests were felled for tea plantations, plant species were identified and classified, and commercially valuable plants were transported from one tropical region to another. The expansion of permanent agriculture and the increased use of irrigation and water control led to increased agricultural production in both well-watered and dry areas of the tropics. Agricultural development supported larger populations, but it also put more pressure on the land.

With the end of slavery, the demand for cheap labor was filled by indentured servants Indentured servants on plantations had contracts that lasted five to seven years Most indentured servants were hoping to better their social position and improve their own economics