US History Review 30e - explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec (fur trade) 30f - explain the Spanish colonial presence in Florida and its impact on the creation of Georgia as a buffer colony

The Late Antebellum Era (1840-1860)

When Americans were colonists (1607-1783), the western border was the Appalachian Mountains

After the Revolutionary War, the western border of the U. S After the Revolutionary War, the western border of the U.S. was the Mississippi River

After Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the western border was the Rocky Mountains

Annexation of Oregon (1846) California Gold Rush (1849) By 1850, the western border was the Pacific Ocean from Oregon to California Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexican Cession (1848) Annexation of Oregon (1846) California Gold Rush (1849) Annexation of Texas (1845)

In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state Missouri became a slave state Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36°30'

The Compromise of 1850 solved the sectional dispute between North & South The people of Utah & New Mexico could vote to allow or ban slavery (popular sovereignty) The slave trade ended in Washington DC A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed Southerners to recapture slaves in the North California entered as a free state

Abolitionists

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

The Civil War & Reconstruction (1861-1877)

The Confederate States of America Some wished to “let the South depart in peace”

Advantages of the Union & Confederacy

Gettysburg, 1863: The “turning point” of the Civil War Antietam, 1862: Convinced England & France not to join war with CSA & convinced Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg, 1863: The “turning point” of the Civil War Vicksburg, 1863: Cut off Southern access to Mississippi River & led to Ulysses Grant’s promotion

Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 Emancipation in 1863

Reconstruction: 1865-1877

Presidential Reconstruction (A Johnson) States could come back into the USA once they ratified the 13th Amendment Southerners created black codes to keep African-Americans inferior

Congressional Reconstruction (led by the “Radical Republicans”) The South was placed under military rule & divided into 5 zones Southern states were forced to ratify the 14th & 15th Amendments

Reconstruction Legislation From 1865 to 1877, blacks were protected & given rights as citizens 13th Amendment ended slavery 14th Amendment made it illegal to discriminate against people due to race, gender, religion 15th Amendment gave all black men the right to vote Freedman’s Bureau created to provide food, 40 acres & a mule, & schools for African-Americans

Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877) Created 5 military districts to enforce Reconstruction But, Radical Reconstruction was not adequate to enforce equality in the South Black codes were common in many parts of the South A secret society called the Ku Klux Klan was created to keep blacks inferior & return “Redeemer Democrats” to power

Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment: President Johnson interfered with the “Radical Reconstruction” plan & was the 1st president to be impeached But he was not removed from office

The end of Reconstruction: The “Second Corrupt Bargain” (the “Compromise of 1877”) President Hayes removed federal troops & ended military zones “Jim Crow” era began (1877-1954) Legal segregation in the South

Jim Crow Era (1877 to 1954) Jim Crow laws keep blacks from voting Literacy tests—voters have to read Poll taxes—voters must pay a tax Grandfather clauses—allowed whites to avoid literacy test & poll taxes In Plessy v Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court said segregation was OK (“separate but equal”)

“Jim Crow” South from 1877 to 1954