Social Groups and Formal Organizations Chapter 5 Social Groups and Formal Organizations

Groups Within Society Definition of Group: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Groups Within Society Aggregate: Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together. Category: People who have similar characteristics. Clique: A cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Groups Within Society Primary Groups: A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation. The Family Friends © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Groups Within Society Secondary Groups: These groups are larger, more anonymous, more formal, and impersonal and are based on some interest or activity. Larger, More Anonymous Members Interact Based on Statuses Fail to Satisfy Need for Intimate Association © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Groups Within Society In-Groups and Out-Groups In-Groups: Groups toward which people feel loyalty. Out-Groups: Groups toward which people feel antagonism. Loyalty to In-Groups Antagonism Towards Out-Groups © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Groups Within Society Reference Groups Definition: Group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves. Evaluating Ourselves Expose Us to Contradictory Standards © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Groups Within Society Social Networks Definition: The social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together Interaction takes place within social networks that connect us to the larger society. The Small World Phenomenon Milgram his study led to the phrase “six degrees of separation”—meaning that, on average, everyone in the United States is separated by just six individuals. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

FORMULA FOR DETERMINING TOTAL NUMBER OF DYADS Groups Within Society FORMULA FOR DETERMINING TOTAL NUMBER OF DYADS N/2 (N – 1) N = Total Number of Individuals Estimate total number when N = 12 12/2 (12 – 1) 6 x (11) 66 possible dyads © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bureaucracies Definition: A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records. Rationalization of Society: Term coined by Weber to describe the process of how bureaucracies would increasingly dominate our lives. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bureaucracies Five Characteristics of Bureaucracies Clear Cut Levels Division of Labor Written Rules Written Communication and Records Impersonality © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies Peter Principle: The members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Group Dynamics Group Size Affects Stability and Intimacy Dyad: Consists of two persons. Triad: Consists of three persons. Coalitions: Formed when two group members align themselves against one in a triad. As Size Increases, So Does Stability As Size Increases, Intensity and Intimacy Decrease © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Group Dynamics Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior The Larger the Group… Greater Diffusion of Responsibility Increase in Formality Division into Smaller Groups © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Leadership Leader: Someone who influences the behaviors, opinions, or attitudes of others Who Becomes a Leader? Types of Leaders Instrumental: An individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader. Expressive: An individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Leadership Leadership Styles Leadership Styles in Changing Situations Authoritarian: A leader who gives orders. Democratic: An individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus. Laissez-Faire: An individual who leads by being highly permissive. Leadership Styles in Changing Situations © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Group Dynamics Power of Peer Pressure Asch Experiment Study on Conformity Power of Authority - Milgram Experiment Administering Shocks; turning up Voltage Recent Replications Consistent with Earlier © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Asch’s Cards Figure 5.3 Asch’s Cards © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18

Milgram and Obedience Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) Ground-breaking research conducted at Yale in the 1950s Participants acted as the teacher; the “learner” was a confederate “Teacher” administered increasingly intense shocks as instructed by experimenter when learner gave wrong answer 65% of participants continued to the end of the experiment © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Milgram and Obedience (continued) Milgram’s research scenario maximized obedience: Participants were volunteers Participants were alone with experimenter Experimenter was highly credible authority figure Setting was highly credible university © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Group Dynamics Groupthink: A narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer, in which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.