Icelandic Transport Authority Climate and Environment Committee Alternative Energy for the Marine Sector Reykjavík, 8. October 2018 Jón Bernódusson, Subject Leader, Research and Development Icelandic Transport Authority

Icelandic Transport Authority Greener Marine Environment What is the Situation today Almost all Marine Vessels today use Fossil Diesel as Energy Source No Legislation today require Vessel Owners to switch over to Environmental Energy Sources But there are Explorations and Ideas for an Energy Turning Point Possibilities to decrease Pollution from Fossil Diesel More Energy Efficient Engines Optimization of Energy Saving System Cleaner Fossil Fuel (Emission Control Areas (ECA)) Exhaust Gas Cleaning and Water in Oil Emulsion

Icelandic Transport Authority Support from National and International Legislation National (Flag States) Emission Control Areas (ECA) Various Countries inside their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and territorial Waters Shore Connection in Harbours (electricity from land or biodiesel) International (IMO and the EU) Black Carbon Reduction of Sulphur, CO2 and NOx Directives on Renewable Energy

Icelandic Transport Authority Fossil Fuels Fossil Diesel Fossil Diesels are liquefied Hydrocarbons with long Chains Fossil Diesels are the most commonly used Fuels in seagoing Vessels 1 kg of Fossil Diesel burned produces 3.14 – 3.18 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 38.6 MJ/litre Fossil Gases Fossil Gases are gaseous Hydrocarbons with short Chains Fossil Gases are mostly used as LNG in seagoing Vessels 1 kg of Fossil Gas burned produces 2.40 – 2.75 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 25.0 MJ/litre

Icelandic Transport Authority

Icelandic Transport Authority

Icelandic Transport Authority Bio Fuels Almost no Modifications of the Diesel Engine is required Biodiesel (RME) (1st, 2nd and 3rd Generation) Rapeseed Oil Other Vegetable Oils Various Modifications of the Diesel Engine is required Alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol) LNG (Liquefied Natural Gases) DME (Dimethyl Ether) Hydrogen Electricity

Icelandic Transport Authority Bio Diesels Rapeseed Oil and Biodiesel (RME) Rapeseed Oil and Biodiesel (RME) are compatible with conventional Engines and can therefore be used without Modifications to the Engine Concepts They are compatible with conventional Fuels and can also be added to Fossil Fuels as a Blend to improve their Properties The Sulphur Content is practically Zero, which makes it compatible with a number of Sulphur-Sensitive Exhaust Gas Cleaning Concepts CO2 Neutral 1 kg of Rapeseed Oil and Biodiesel (RME) burned produces 2.797 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 36.0 - 37.1 MJ/Litre (91% of Fossil Diesel)

Rapeseed Field in Iceland

Icelandic Transport Authority Alcohols Methanol (CH3OH) Methanol use in Europe is today strongly focused on the Chemical Market Apart from the Application as a Fuel Additive, Methanol can also be directly used as a Fuel for internal Combustion Engines or for Fuel Cell Power Trains Another Field of Application is the production of Dimethylether (DME) as a substitute for Diesel Fuel, which has the advantage of a Particulate-Free Combustion in Diesel combustion Engines 1 kg of Methanol burned produces 1.375 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 17.9 MJ/Litre (47% of Fossil Diesel)

Icelandic Transport Authority Alcohols Ethanol Ethanol fermentation (Maize, Sugar, Distillation) 1 kg of Ethanol burned produces 1.913 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 23.5 MJ/Litre (61% of Fossil Diesel) Butanol Produced industrially like Ethanol 1 kg of Butanol burned produces 2.387 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 31.8 MJ/Litre (83% of Fossil Diesel)

Carbon Recycling International CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O

Carbon Engineering

Icelandic Transport Authority Gases and Energy Carrier Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Natural Gas converted to Liquid by cooling it down to – 162°C About 1:600 of the Volume of Natural Gas in the gaseous State 1 kg of LNG burned produces 2.750 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 25.3 MJ/Litre (66% of Fossil Diesel) Methane By-Product of burial and decomposition from Organic Waste 1 kg of Methane burned produces 2.750 kg of CO2

Icelandic Transport Authority Gases and Energy Carrier Dimethyleter (DME) Water reduced Methanol: 2(CH3OH) -> CH3OCH3 + H2O 1 kg of DME burned produces 1.913 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 19.2 MJ/Litre (50% of Fossil Diesel) Hydrogen (H2) Obtained by Electrolysis 1 kg of Hydrogen burned produces 0.000 kg of CO2 Calorific Value: 9.3 MJ/Litre (24% of Fossil Diesel)

Icelandic Transport Authority Electricity and Batteries Electrical Boats and Ferries Small Boats (Pleasure Boats and Fishing Boats) Whale Watching Boat Opal in Iceland Passengers Ferry – Newbuilding - „Herjólfur“, Loa = 69,39 m Batteries Li-ion Batteries Charged from Shore Connection Charged from small auxiliary Engine driven by Biofuel Charged from a axial Windmill Charged from the reverse Revolution of the Propeller (Boat under Sails)

Icelandic Transport Authority

Icelandic Transport Authority Profitability Profitability from User’s Point of View Prices are almost Compatible User can produce his own Bio-Fuel Positive Image Profitability from Society’s Point of View Environmental Impact Energy can be made in the Country Energy Security

Icelandic Transport Authority Conclusion Step 1: Support from Legislation of Flag States, IMO and the EU, providing for Obligation to use Bio-Fuel Step 2: Start with Bio-Fuels, which does not require Modifications on Ship Machinery and Engines, such as Biodiesel and LNG Step 3: Energy Carriers such as Methanol, DME and Hydrogen Step 4: Electricity and Hybrid-form Step 5: Other Environmentally-Friendly Energy Sources, such as Methane Gas, Ethanol and Butanol for smaller Ships

Thank you for your attention