1. Crude Oil

2. Microscopic plants and animals die and fall to the sea bed Layers of sand and mud form on top Pressure and high temperature cause oil to form How crude oil was formed Oil obtained by drilling

3. Heated Crude Oil 350 o C 40 o C Liquid petroleum gas Naphtha Petrol (gasoline) Paraffin Diesel Fuel oil Lubricating oil Bitumen FractionBoiling pt. < 25 o C 25 – 60 o C 60 – 180 o C 180 – 220 o C 220 – 250 o C 250 – 300 o C 300 – 350 o C > 350 o C Average number of C atoms in chain 3 8 10 12 20 40 80 120 The Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

4. Properties of the fractions

5. The compounds produced by the distillation of crude oil are all hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain the elements hydrogen and carbon.

6. Naming hydrocarbons Alkanes Methane EthanePropane These hydrocarbons are said to be saturated. (They have single bonds between carbon atoms). C2H6C2H6 C3H8C3H8 CH 4

8. Fuels Most alkanes are used as fuels to produce useful forms of energy. When completely burned alkanes form carbon dioxide and water.

9. Equations for combustion CH 4 methane + O 2 oxygen CO 2 carbon dioxide + H 2 O water 22 C 3 H 8 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O C 2 H 4 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O22 534 3

10. Combustion of hydrocarbons When burned with sufficient oxygen, hydrocarbons form carbon dioxide and water

11. Alkenes Ethene Alkenes are said to be unsaturated Test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon (an alkene) Add unsaturated compound Shake C 2 H 4

13. Global dimming Particulates in soot come from the incomplete combustion of fuel leaving carbon particles. These particles cause Global Dimming by reflecting sunlight away from the Earth.

14. Global Warming main cause: carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels causing a “greenhouse” effect (also methane). Effect on the environment? Reducing the Problem?

15. Acid rain Main cause: sulfur compounds in fuels burning to form sulphur dioxide which dissolves in rainwater to produce an acidic solution ( also causes nitrogen oxides from car exhausts. Effect on the environment? Reducing the problem?

17. Hydrogen: produced by passing an electric current through water and the process therefore requires lots of energy. Hydrogen is highly flammable and would have to be stored under special conditions. Only product is water, therefore no pollution. Hydrogen + Oxygen Water + Energy

18. Ethanol is made by fermentation of sugar (this process is used to make alcoholic drinks). It is made from sugar cane which comes from countries such as Brazil. Ethanol burns more cleanly than petrol but produces less energy. It also form carbon dioxide (but it is carbon neutral since the plants absorbed it in the first place.