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3. 1 A FUEL is …… A chemical that burns to release heat energy answer

4. Calderglen High School The reaction of a substance with oxygen (oxidation) to give out energy. The reaction of a substance with oxygen (oxidation) to give out energy. Another name for burning answer 2 COMBUSTION is …….

5. Calderglen High School What is the test for oxygen ? Oxygen relights a GLOWING taper answer 3

6. Calderglen High School What are the main components of air? Air is about 20% OXYGEN and 80% NITROGEN answer 4

7. Calderglen High School What is an EXOTHERMIC reaction? An exothermic reaction that produces heat energy answer 5

8. Calderglen High School What is a FINITE resource? A finite resource is one which cannot be replaced and will eventually run out answer 6

9. Calderglen High School What is a FOSSIL FUEL? A fuel e.g. coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from plant or animal remains answer 7

10. Calderglen High School Describe how COAL was formed? Dead trees and plants Covered by layers of sediment High temperature High pressure Bacteria. answer 8

11. Calderglen High School Describe how GAS and CRUDE OIL was formed? Dead marine creatures Covered by layers of sediment High temperature High pressure Bacteria.. answer 9

12. Calderglen High School What are HYDROCARBONS? Hydrocarbons are compounds of HYDROGEN and CARBON only. answer 10

13. Calderglen High School What is CRUDE OIL? The mixture of hydrocarbons as it comes from the ground or sea-bed. answer 11

14. Calderglen High School What is FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION? The process in which a mixture of substances (eg crude oil) is heated and separates according to the boiling points of the substances. answer 12

15. Calderglen High School What is a FRACTION? A group of hydrocarbon compounds with boiling points within a given range. answer 13

16. Calderglen High School What is the BOILING POINT of a liquid? The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. answer 14

17. Calderglen High School What is FLAMMABILITY? Flammability is a measure of how easily a fuel ignites and how well it burns. The flammability of crude oil fractions decreases as their chain length increases. answer 15

18. Calderglen High School What is VISCOSITY? Viscosity is a measure of the thickness of a liquid. The viscosity of crude oil fractions increases as their chain length increases. answer 16

19. Calderglen High School What is the test for water? Water boils at 100 0 C and freezes at 0 0 C. answer 17

20. Calderglen High School What is the test for carbon dioxide? Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky. answer 18

21. Calderglen High School Name the typical fractions obtained from crude oil and their chain length Refinery Gases : 1 to 4 Gasoline (Naphtha): 5 to 12 Kerosine (Paraffin): 10 to 16 Gas Oil: 12 to 25 Residue: 25+ answer 19

22. Calderglen High School What happens when HYDROCARBONS are burned in a plentiful supply of oxygen ? Complete combustion: form CARBON DIOXIDE and WATER answer 20

23. Calderglen High School What happens when hydrocarbons are burned in limited supply of air ? Incomplete combustion form carbon (soot), carbon monoxide (a poisonous gas) and water. answer 21

24. Calderglen High School Give examples of pollutants released into the atmosphere by burning hydrocarbons Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur; Carbon Monoxide; Unburned hydrocarbons; Lead from some petrols answer 22

25. Calderglen High School Give examples of how air pollutants from burning hydrocarbons can be reduced Removal of SULPHUR when fuels are made Use of CATALYTIC CONVERTORS in cars answer 23

26. Calderglen High School Why is carbon monoxide dangerous? Carbon Monoxide (CO) is poisonous. answer 24

27. mmcl2003 Give some uses of the typical fractions obtained from crude oil Petroleum Gas : Bottled Gases Gasoline: Petrol, Chemical Production Kerosine: Aviation Fuel Gas Oil: Diesel, Central Heating Fuel, Lubricating Oils Residue : Bitumen for roads and roofs answer 25

28. Calderglen High School What type of reaction takes in energy? Endothermic answer 26

29. Calderglen High School What is BIOMASS? Plant based materials (which can be turned into biofuels) answer 27

30. Calderglen High School Name some biofuels and explain how they are produced? Ethanol Made from fermentation of carbohydrates Methane gas Anaerobic decomposition of organic waste Biodiesel From vegetable oil answer 28

31. Calderglen High School Give an example and an advantage of a renewable fuel? Hydrogen (made from electrolysis of water) Advantage: RENEWABLE and ONLY produces WATER when burned. answer 29

32. Calderglen High School Give an example and an advantage of a renewable fuel? Ethanol (from fermentation of carbohydrates) Advantage: RENEWABLE and doesn’t increase the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere answer 30