Section 1 Taking on Segregation Chapter 21 Civil Rights Section 1 Taking on Segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court case – “separate but equal” does not violate the 14th Amendment
Developing Civil Rights Movement WWII sets the stage …. New job opportunities for blacks 1 million blacks fight in the war Civil rights organizations expand
Challenging Segregation in Court NAACP legal strategy – focus on inequality between separation in schools Led by Thurgood Marshall, examples of success 1946 Morgan v. Virginia – ends segregated seating on interstate buses 1950 Sweatt v. Painter – state law schools must admit black applicants
Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case May 17, 1954 Linda Brown denied admission to elementary school four blocks from her home Segregation in schooling violates 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause
Reaction to Brown Decision 1955 Brown II – Supreme Court orders desegregation “with all deliberate speed”
Crisis in Little Rock Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus – orders the National Guard to turn away the … Little Rock Nine- black students who volunteered to integrate Central High
Montgomery Bus Boycott Dec, 1, 1955 – Rosa Parks refuses to move her seat on a Montgomery bus Consequently, Ms. Parks was arrested Martin Luther King Jr. leads Montgomery Improvement Association Dec. 5, 1955 – Dr. King gives speech and blacks boycott city buses for over a year
Civil Rights Act of 1957 Advocated by Senator Lyndon Johnson of Texas Gave the federal government jurisdiction over violations of African-American voting rights
Dr. King Nonviolent resistance- “soul force” Philosophy came from variety of sources Jesus- love one’s enemies Henry David Thoreau – civil disobedience A. Philip Randolph- organize massive demonstrations Mohandis Gandhi- resist oppression without violence
SCLC 1957 – Southern Christian Leadership Conference purpose “to carry on non-violent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship” Organization was handled by Ella Baker who then founded SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC Uses more confrontational methods than SCLC Sit-ins, black protestors sit down as segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they served