1. Chapter 28 – The Civil Rights Movement
Section Notes
Video
The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape
Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights
Rights for Other Americans
The Impact of Equal Rights and Justice for All
Maps
Freedom Rides, 1961
Images
Quick Facts
Elizabeth Eckford
Biography: Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King Jr.
Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights
Assessment: Women in the Labor Force
The Great Society
Chapter 28 Visual Summary

2. The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape
The Big Idea
Civil rights activists used legal challenges and public protests to confront segregation.
Main Ideas
Civil rights leaders battled school segregation in court.
The Montgomery bus boycott helped end segregation on buses.
Students organized sit-ins to protest segregation.

3. Main Idea 1: Civil rights leaders battled school segregation in court.
In 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson established the “separate-but-equal” doctrine.
Federal, state, and local governments could allow segregation so long as separate facilities were equal.
States in North and South maintained separate schools for white and black students.

4. Main Idea 1: Civil rights leaders battled school segregation in court.
In reality, segregated schools were not equal.
Schools for black children typically received less funding.
Early civil rights leaders focused on ending segregation in public schools.
Led by members of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

5. Brown v. Board of Education
NAACP worked to show that separate schools did not provide equal educational opportunities for black students.
NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall led courtroom battles against segregation.

6. Brown v. Board of Education
5 different states brought segregation cases
“Brown” was a seven-year-old African American girl named Linda Brown from Topeka, Kansas.
Linda’s father and the NAACP sued to allow Linda to attend school closer to her home.

7. Brown v. Board of Education
May 17, 1954– Supreme Court issued an unanimous ruing that segregation in public schools was illegal.
The next year, the Court ordered public schools to desegregate.
Ruling proved difficult to enforce.

8. Brown vs Board of Education

9. Little Rock Nine
Most schools in South implemented gradual integration plans.
Little Rock, Arkansas school board decided to start by integrating one high school.
Invited nine outstanding black students, who became known as the Little Rock Nine, to attend Central High School
Arkansas governor Orval Faubus worked to prevent desegregation by using National Guard troops to block the nine students from school.

10. Little Rock Nine
For weeks, Faubus refused to allow them to attend school.
Finally President Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort students into the school.
Little Rock Nine began attending classes.
Faced hostility and discrimination from other students
Eight of the nine remained in school and graduated.

11. Little Rock Nine

12. Main Idea 2: The Montgomery bus boycott helped end segregation on buses.
Black passengers required to sit at back of city buses and to give up seats to white passengers
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger.
Bus driver called police and she was taken to jail.

13. Main Idea 2: The Montgomery bus boycott helped end segregation on buses.
Local leaders organized a Montgomery bus boycott.
Thousands of African Americans stopped riding buses.
Bus ridership fell by 70 percent.
Martin Luther King Jr., a young Baptist minister, helped lead the boycott. Preached Non violence
Lasted 381 days

14. Main Idea 2: The Montgomery bus boycott helped end segregation on buses.
Some white residents were angry about segregation.
Some resorted to violence.
Kings home was bombed, received hate mail and threats
Carpools were harassed by the police.
Finally in November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public transportation was illegal.

15. Main Idea 3: Students organized sit-ins to protest segregation.
Many private businesses in the South were segregated.
On February 1, 1960, four students went into a Woolworth in Greensboro, North Carolina, and staged a sit-in—a demonstration in which protesters sit down and refuse to leave.
They sat in the “whites only” section of the lunch counter.
The next day, they returned with dozens more students.
Soon another sit in began at a nearby store.
Despite harassment, they refused to respond with violence.

16. Sit in

17. Main Idea 3: Students organized sit-ins to protest segregation.
Over time, some businesses began process of integration.
Leaders of student protests formed Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960.
Trained protesters
Organized civil rights demonstrations

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