Bio1H Midyear Exam Review

Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion

Topic 1: Nature of Matter Atoms, Molecules Molecular and Structural Formulas Matter that makes up living things Water!!! SPONCH

Topic 2: Bonding and Properties of Water Ionic vs Covalent Bonding Nonpolar covalent vs Polar Covalent Water is a polar substance Cohesion Adhesion High Specific Heat Density of Ice

Topic 3: Basic Chemistry Ph Scales Chemical Equations Reactants Products Balancing equations

Topic 4: Organic Molecules Carbon Based and Functional groups Polymer vs. Monomer Dehydration synthesis Degradation hydrolysis

Topic 4: Organic Molecules Carbohydrates - energy storage, structure Monosaccharide - glucose, fructose Disaccharides - sucrose, lactose Polysaccharides - starch, glycogen Lipids - energy storage, insulation, signaling Triglycerides - saturated and unsaturated Phospholipids Proteins - transport, enzymes, structure, signaling, and more Amino acids (Monomer) Protein folding - effected by amino acid polarity Nucleic Acids - Information molecule

Topic 5: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Metabolism Exergonic vs Endergonic

Topic 5: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Enzymes - biological catalysts Enzyme-Substrate interaction Active sites

Topic 6: Digestion Purpose of Digestion Organs and structures Path of food Helper organs Location of digestion Each organic molecule type Enzymes involved Absorption Structure and Function

Topic 7: Scientific Method Viewed through Enzyme activity What factors affect enzyme function? pH Temperature Enzyme concentration Hypothesis If (the independent variable affect the dependent variable), then (this is my specific prediction). Control groups vs control variables

Unit 2: Dynamic Cell

Topic 1: Microscopy Light microscopes Electron microscopes SEM TEM

Topic 2: Cell Types and …. All cells have… Cell membrane Ribosomes DNA Prokaryote vs Eukaryote How can you tell the difference? Animal vs Plant Organelles Why are cells small? Surface area to volume ratio must be high!!

Topic 2:… Cell Parts Manufacturing Nucleus Ribosomes ER (Rough & Smooth) Golgi apparatus Breakdown Lysosomes Vacuoles Energy Processing Mitochondria Chloroplasts Support, Movement, Communication Cytoskeleton (includes cilia & flagella) Cell membrane Cell Wall

Topic 3: Cell Membranes Fluid Mosaic Model Selective Permeability Phospholipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Cholesterol Selective Permeability Chemical Properties - polarity Size

Topic 4: Membrane Transport Concentration Gradient Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Endo/Exocytosis

Topic 5: Energy ATP - universal unit of energy in ALL living things ATP is used for Cellular Work P Pi + Energy Energy +

Topic 6: Photosynthesis Chloroplasts Light Reaction Review the steps of the Light reaction Highlights…. Water split by enzyme, oxygen formed, photosystems, ETC, ATP formed via chemiosmosis, NADPH formed Calvin Cycle 3 phases Highlights ATP and NADPH used to drive the cycle Many enzyme catalyzed steps CO2 taken in and used Glucose formed

Topic 7: Cellular Respiration Converts energy in sugar to energy in ATP Occurs in plant and animal cells Anaerobic respiration No oxygen Low ATP output Ethanol fermentation - yeasts Lactic acid fermentation - us Aerobic respiration Oxygen Mitochondria used High ATP output 3 stages

Unit 3: Body Systems

Topic 1: Gas Exchange Respiratory System Anatomy Simple Diffusion of Gases Diaphragm Smoking

Topic 2:Circulation Heart Anatomy Vessels Structure and function Double circulation

Topic 3: Endocrine System Glands Hormones Lipid vs Protein Insulin-Glucagon PTH-Calcatonin

Topic 4: Nervous System Neuron Structure and Function Action Potential Neurotransmitters Synapse Reflex Arc Brain Cerebellum Cerebrum Brain stem