Chapter 13 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION HOLT Psychology 1/15/2019 Chapter 13 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Section 1: The Psychology of Motivation Section 2: Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger Section 3: Psychological Needs Section 4: Emotions Chapter 13

Question: What are the four theories of motivation? Chapter 13 Section 1: The Psychology of Motivation Question: What are the four theories of motivation? FOUR THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Instinct Theory – behavior patterns are genetically transmitted Drive Reduction Theory – people act to reduce drives and their associated tensions Humanistic Theory – people act out of the desire for growth and fulfillment beyond basic survival needs Sociocultural Theory – individual needs and motives are influenced by culture and society

Chapter 13 Section 2: Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger Question: What is the hunger drive, and what are the causes of obesity? HUNGER DRIVE The hunger drive is the urge to eat arising from the need to supply the body with food.

Chapter 13 Section 2: Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger Question: What is the hunger drive, and what are the causes of obesity? CAUSES OF OBESITY Biological – obesity seems to run in families and genes help determine the number of fat cells a person has Psychological – people tend to eat more when they are under stress or experiencing certain negative emotions

Chapter 13 Section 3: Psychological Needs Question: What are the stimulus motives, the balance theory, and achievement motivation? STIMULUS MOTIVES Stimulus Motives – desires for stimulation such as sensory stimulation, activity and exploration

Chapter 13 Section 3: Psychological Needs Question: What are the stimulus motives, the balance theory, and achievement motivation? BALANCE THEORY Balance Theory – people need to organize their perception, opinions, and beliefs in a harmonious manner

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION Chapter 13 Section 3: Psychological Needs Question: What are the stimulus motives, the balance theory, and achievement motivation? ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION Achievement Motivation – people are driven to get ahead, to tackle challenging situations, and to meet high personal standards of success

Question: How do psychologists describe emotions? Chapter 13 Section 4: Emotions Question: How do psychologists describe emotions? EMOTIONS The James-Lange Theory – people’s emotions follow, rather than cause, their behavioral reactions to their situations The Cannon-Bard Theory – emotions accompany the bodily responses that are aroused by an external stimulus Theory of Cognitive Appraisal – the body reacts in physically similar ways even though different emotions are being experienced

Chapter 14 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Section 1: The Trait Approach Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach Section 3: The Learning Approach Section 4: The Humanistic Approach Section 5: The Sociocultural Approach

TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY Main features: HOLT Psychology Chapter 14 1/15/2019 Section 1: The Trait Approach Question: What are the main features and limitations of the trait theory of personality? TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY Main features: Focus on cataloging traits Examining where traits come from Which traits are predominant Limitations: Pigeonholing people according to oversimplified characteristics Chapter 14

IMPACT AND MODIFICATION OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Chapter 14 Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach Question: What impact has the psychoanalytic theory of personality had, and how has the theory been modified since Freud’s time? IMPACT AND MODIFICATION OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Freud has had a number of intellectual heirs and his ideas have strongly influenced psychology Freud was an important champion of the idea that human personality and behavior should be subject to scientific knowledge Later practitioners of psychoanalysis placed less emphasis on unconscious motives and more emphasis on social relationships

INFLUENCES AND MOTIVATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR Chapter 14 Section 3: The Learning Approach Question: What do learning theorists believe are the influences on and motivations for behavior? INFLUENCES AND MOTIVATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR James B. Watson claimed that external forces or influences shape people’s behavior Learning theorists also emphasized socialization in shaping behavior

SELF AND FREE CHOICE IN BEHAVIOR Chapter 14 Section 4: The Humanistic Approach Question: How does the humanistic approach view the role of the self and free choice in shaping behavior? SELF AND FREE CHOICE IN BEHAVIOR Humanists believe that people have the freedom (to some degree) to create their own personalities Focuses on conscious experience

EVALUATION OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH Chapter 14 Section 5: The Sociocultural Approach Question: How does the sociocultural approach view the importance of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in the development of personality? EVALUATION OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH Sociocultural factors of ethnicity, gender, culture and socioeconomic status are internalized and affect all of us and touch many aspects of personality Without reference to sociocultural factors we cannot understand how individuals think, behave, and feel about themselves within a given cultural setting

Chapter 16 GENDER ROLES Section 1: What Are Gender Roles? HOLT Psychology 1/15/2019 Chapter 16 GENDER ROLES Section 1: What Are Gender Roles? Section 2: Gender Differences Section 3: Gender Typing Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles Chapter 16

Chapter 16 Section 1: What Are Gender Roles? Question: What are gender roles and gender stereotypes and how do they differ? GENDER Gender Roles – widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave Gender Stereotypes – fixed and oversimplified beliefs about the ways in which men and women ought to behave Gender roles are widely accepted standards of gender-specific behavior while gender stereotypes are rigid, distorted, and oversimplified beliefs about how men and women should behave

GENDER DIFFERENCES Chapter 16 Section 2: Gender Differences Question: How have some studies indicated gender differences in cognitive abilities, personality, and behavior? GENDER DIFFERENCES Differences in Cognitive Abilities – it has been noted that males and females each outperform the other in certain tasks Differences in Personality and Behavior – women tend to exceed men in trust, nurturance and attention while men tend to exceed women in assertiveness

Chapter 16 Section 3: Gender Typing Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur? GENDER TYPING Gender typing – different theories proposed to explain gender role developments

GENDER TYPING THEORIES Chapter 16 Section 3: Gender Typing Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur? GENDER TYPING THEORIES Psychoanalytic Theory – gender typing can be explained in terms of gender identification Social Learning Theory – gender role behavior is acquired through two different learning processes – reinforcement and modeling

GENDER TYPING THEORIES (continued) Chapter 16 Section 3: Gender Typing Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur? GENDER TYPING THEORIES (continued) Gender-Schema Theory – children play an important role in developing gender-appropriate behavior by forming their own concepts about gender and then shaping their behavior so that it conforms to their gender concepts

CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION Chapter 16 Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles Question: How have gender roles changed over time, and in what ways can they vary from culture to culture? CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION Increasing participation of women in activities long considered appropriate for men only Men have taken on tasks previously performed by women Gender roles in one society may be viewed differently in another culture

CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION (continued) Chapter 16 Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles Question: How have gender roles changed over time, and in what ways can they vary from culture to culture? CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION (continued) Men and women of different cultures could be expected to be aggressive or peaceful Cultures may also have different ideas about who should be primarily responsible for raising children