The Endocrine System Endocrine System the body’s “slow” chemical communication system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Neural and Hormonal Systems Hormones chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another Adrenal [ah-DREEN-el] Glands a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress Pituitary Gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

UNIT III: THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR Part three: GENETICS http://youtu.be/-1ZvsYDTxc8

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint NATURE… Chromosomes threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes has two strands-forming a “double helix”--held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides http://youtu.be/V9BZ3zx8b8I

GENES: Our Biological Blueprint NATURE… biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein http://youtu.be/eOvMNOMRRm8 Genome the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes

Genes: Their Location and Composition Nucleus Chromosome Gene Cell DNA

Evolutionary Psychology the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection Natural Selection the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations Mutations random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides the source of all genetic diversity

Behavior Genetics study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior: Environment: every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us Behavior often is species specific. (Feeding behaviors/Mating behaviors are used to differentiate bird species) Behaviors often breed true. We can reproduce behaviors in successive generations of organisms (instinctive retrieval behavior of yellow Labrador/herding posture of a border collie

Environmental Influence Experience affects brain development Impoverished environment Rat brain cell Enriched

Behavior Genetics Identical Twins Fraternal Twins http://youtu.be/BTYCv1ObZrI Identical twins Fraternal Same sex only Same or opposite sex Identical Twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms Fraternal Twins develop from separate eggs genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment http://www.schooltube.com/video/7e22eb1e67572089ca1b /Separated-Twins

Behavior Genetics Temperament Heritability a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity Heritability the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

Environmental Influence Culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Norm an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

Environmental Influence Personal Space the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies Memes self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person: current examples???

Evolutionary Psychology Gender: in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female How can male/female behavior be explained by evolutionary psychology? (Which traits have persisted through 2011 and which might persist through 3011 and why?)

Evolutionary Psychology Men preferred attractive physical features suggesting youth and health Women preferred resources and social status Siince this is so widespread cross-culturally, is it must be more nature than nurture?

The Nature and Nurture of Gender What is the stronger influence on our gender behaviors: Nature or Nurture and why? X Chromosome the sex chromosome found in both men and women females have two; males have one an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child Y Chromosome the sex chromosome found only in men when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child How does our chromosomal make-up determine or influence our behavior? http://youtu.be/gNI9i1Kz86E

The Nature and Nurture of Gender Testosterone the most important of the male sex hormones both males and females have it additional testosterone in males stimulates: growth of male sex organs in the fetus development of male sex characteristics during puberty http://youtu.be/2lcwCpdgkNE (Male/Female brains)

The Nature and Nurture of Gender Role a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave Gender Role a set of expected behaviors for males and females Gender Identity one’s sense of being male or female Gender-typing the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role http://youtu.be/pWc1e3Nbc2g Gender roles & kids

The Nature and Nurture of Gender Gender and Culture

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

The Nature and Nurture of Gender Social Learning Theory theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished Gender Schema Theory theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly Use one of the theories above to describe two behaviors you see daily (one male behavior and one female behavior)

The Nature and Nurture of Gender Two theories of gender typing