Essential Knowledge List the 5 Pillars of Islam. 3/22/2011 Essential Knowledge List the 5 Pillars of Islam. What do Muslims call the pilgrimage to Mecca? During what month do Muslims fast? Toward what city must Muslims pray? 8 ‹#›

Geographic Influences of Islam 3/22/2011 Geographic Influences of Islam SOL 8B 1 ‹#›

Geo influences on origins and spread of Islam: Islam was diffused along trade routes from Mecca and Medina Islam expanded despite great distances, deserts, and mountains Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia….Byzantine and Persian Empires were weak

Deserts Only a small strip of fertile land in south of Saudi Arabia Few oases The rest is Desert

Trade Routes Many trade routes connected Arabia to major ocean and land trade routes Extreme south of the peninsula To the Byzantine in the north Caravan routes went to the Silk Roads in the east Transported spices to the west

Geo influences on eco, social, and political development Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short lived Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands Slavery was not based on race

Crisis Muhammad dies in 632 Muslims now had to find a new leader Muhammad did not name a successor

Solution Muslims chose Abu-Bakr who was a loyal friend of Muhammad He became the first Caliph Caliph – (kay-lif) means successor or deputy

Abu-Bakr After Muhammad died some Muslims Refused to pay taxes Tried to say they were prophets themselves Some tribes abandoned Islam In order to get things under control, Abu-Bakr used the military to get authority.

Muslim States By the time Abu died, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia Under the next 2 caliphs they took: Syria Lower Egypt Parts of Persia By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of the USA!!)

Muslim Troops They were successful because they were Willing to struggle till the end for Islam Well disciplined Expertly commanded Enemies were not used to their style of warfare

Major Turning Points SOL 8c Islam Major Turning Points SOL 8c

Umayyads A family that came to power in 661 They set up a hereditary system of getting new leaders. They moved the Muslim capital to Damascus

Umayyads Surrounded themselves with riches Some Muslims did not agree with the Umayyads and split.

Shi’ah and Sunni Division Shortly after Muhammad’s death differences in deciding the caliph ( religious successor) first caliph: Abu Bakr Shi’ah believed leaderships should be with a member of his family Sunni believed based on merit/leadership

The Split Muslims split into two groups: Muslims SUNNI SHI'A

SHI’A Believe the leader should be a relative of Muhammad

SUNNI This group followed the Umayyad rule and followed Muhammad’s example.

Two Sects of Islam Sunni Shi’ah Majority 90% Traditional Does not believe that the Islamic leader has to be a direct heir of Muhammad Shi’ah Minority 10% Militant Believe that only descents of Muhammad should be leaders

Sufi Another group who reacted against the rich life of the Umayyads They led a life of poverty and devotion to the spiritual life of Islam They meditated and chanted Focused on the Quran

Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus Damascus conquered during Middle Ages Jerusalem -also conquered during Middle Ages - the third most important city in Islam.

Battle of Tours Muslims defeated by Franks led by Charles Martel “the hammer” 100 miles from Paris Stopped the advance

Play: The Battle of Tours Abd Gille Charles Akar Ren Imad Omar Gamel Rahman

To do list: Complete Spread of Islam worksheet