1. The Beliefs of Islam Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.

2. Pneumonic Device I.S.L.A.M.I.C.

3. Islam’s Holy Book The Quran or Koran – contains the teachings revealed to Muhammad the prophet of Allah

5. Started in the Middle East Islam began in Saudi Arabia, in the Middle East

6. Laws = The 5 Pillars of Islam 1.Faith in Allah 2.Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca 3.Giving alms to the poor (charity) 4.Fasting during Ramadan 5.Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetime

7. llah Allah is the Islamic name for GOD Those who follow Allah are called MUSLIMS

8. Muhammad Muhammad is the founder of Islam His teachings are written in the Koran

9. Islam is Monotheistic Name another religion we have studied that is monotheistic =

10. Cities that are holy Mecca – Muhammad was born here and is where the KAABA is located

11. ities that are holy Medina – This is the city where Muhammad started Islam

13. Cities that are holy Jerusalem – This is where Muhammad left to heaven from

15. Kaaba Is a large cube building It is the holiest place in Islam This is the building Muslims face during prayer

17. Islam and Geography Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.

18. Deserts Only a small strip of fertile land in south of Saudi Arabia Few oases The rest is Desert

20. Bedouins Nomads who live in the desert Organized into tribes and clans –Clans give security and support since they live in extreme conditions –Defended themselves from other clans who wanted water, grazing territory, livestock or food supplies

23. Islamic Way of Life Bedouin valued –Courage –Loyalty to family –Warrior skills This would lead to Islamic way of life

24. Trade Routes Many trade routes connected Arabia to major ocean and land trade routes –Extreme south of the peninsula –To the Byzantine in the north –Caravan routes went to the Silk Roads in the east –Transported spices to the west

26. Mecca Located in Saudi Arabia Important stop on trade routes During holy months, caravans stopped in Mecca and this brought religious pilgrims who came to worship at the Kaaba

28. The Spread Of Islam 100% Islam

29. Crisis Muhammad dies in 632 Muslims now had to find a new leader Muhammad did not name a successor

30. Solution Muslims chose Abu-Bakr who was a loyal friend of Muhammad He became the first Caliph Caliph – (kay-lif) means successor or deputy

31. Abu-Bakr After Muhammad died some Muslims –Refused to pay taxes –Tried to say they were prophets themselves –Some tribes abandoned Islam In order to get things under control, Abu-Bakr used the military to get authority.

32. Muslim State By the time Abu died, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia Under the next 2 caliphs they took: –Syria –Lower Egypt –Parts of Persia By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of the USA!!)

34. Muslim Troops They were successful because they were –Willing to struggle till the end for Islam –Well disciplined –Expertly commanded Enemies were not used to their style of warfare

35. Byzantine and Persia The Byzantine and Persia were already weak from long time conflicts The people welcomed Islam

36. Treatment of Conquered People Muslims were tolerant of conquered people The Quran forbids forceful conversion –They let others keep their religion if they paid a poll tax –People who did not convert were not allowed to spread their own religions

37. Internal Conflict The 2 Caliphs after Abu Bakr were assassinated After their assassinations, the elective system of choosing caliphs ended

38. Umayyads A family that came to power in 661 They set up a hereditary system of getting new leaders. They moved the Muslim capital to Damascus

40. Umayyads Surrounded themselves with riches Some Muslims did not agree with the Umayyads and split.

41. The Split Muslims split into two groups:

42. SHI’A Believe the leader should be a relative of Muhammad

43. SUNNI This group followed the Umayyad rule and followed Muhammad’s example.

44. Sufi Another group who reacted against the rich life of the Umayyads They led a life of poverty and devotion to the spiritual life of Islam They meditated and chanted Focused on the Quran

45. Muslim Achievement Cultural Contributions

46. Muslim Architecture

47. Cultural Blending It is in Architecture that the greatest cultural blending can be seen Already existing buildings were modified by Islamic Ideals Islamic Features: –Multi-lobed interwoven arches –Domes –Minarets –Large courtyards

48. Multi-lobed interwoven arches

50. Domes

51. Dome of the Rock Located in Jerusalem Rock in the center is believed to be the spot from where Muhammad ascended (rose) up to Heaven

55. Minarets Towers built from where Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day

57. Large Courtyards

58. Mosaics Artwork created using tiny pieces of colored glass tiles Muslims use mosaics to create geometric decorations on Mosques

61. Arabic Alphabet Arabic was first used to translate the context of the Quran (The Holy Book of Islam) Written from Right to Left Made up of 28 letters

62. Calligraphy Art of beautiful handwriting In Islam, showing living things in art was not allowed So artists turned to calligraphy to express themselves. Turn to page 247 in books

64. Universities Muhammad strongly believed in the power of learning –This led to support of places of learning by Muslim Leaders Qualified physicians = treat the sick Mathematicians and Astronomers = Calculated times for prayer

65. Math Arabic Numbers were adapted from India –Included the number ZERO Led to study of optics which helped develop lenses for telescopes and microscopes

66. Medical Advances The Comprehensive Book – An encyclopedia of medicine using knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources of knowledge

67. Science Relied on Scientific observation and experimentation Translated and studied Greek texts