Cells and Organelles Ms. Levasseur Biology

5 Characteristics of Living Things Made of cells Use Energy Homeostasis Grow & Develop Reproduce

Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell Types highly organized simple structure nucleus organelles DNA - in nucleus plant and animal cells simple structure no nucleus no distinguishable organelles DNA - in cytoplasm bacteria

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes Flesh-eating bacteria staphylococcus Anthrax legionella Lyme disease staphylococcus staphylococcus Soil bacteria meningitis cholera salmonella

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Eukaryotes neurons Blind spot in eye neurons neurons Colon cancer Inner ear cells Repairing nerve cells

Embryonic Stem Cell

Skin Cancer

Cell Organelles A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function (think mini-organ) usually separately enclosed within its own membrane Plant and animal cells contain the same organelles Exceptions: Cell wall and chloroplasts – plant only Lysosomes – animal only

Nucleus One or more per cell Spherical shape Number depends on cell’s function Spherical shape Denser than surrounding cytoplasm Controls eating, movement, and reproduction Houses the DNA

Nucleolus Dense circular structure within the nucleus Makes ribosomes

Ribosomes Found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Reads DNA sections that code for specific proteins Assembles amino acids in order to make the specific protein

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Contained in the nucleus and mitochondria Hereditary material Passes genes Made of proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum Transportation center Smooth ER Acts as a storage facility Rough ER Embedded with ribosomes Makes and packages proteins

Mitochondria (plural) Mitochondrion - singular Power house of the cell Cells can have one or many mitochondria Depends on energy needs Convert food and oxygen into ATP ATP = energy

Chloroplasts Plant cells only Green color Location of photosynthesis Capture sunlight energy (ATP) and convert it to glucose

Cell Wall Plants only Outside cell membrane Made of cellulose Gives cells rigidity and strength Allows organism to grow and hold its shape Protects the cell

Cell Membrane Most important organelle of the cell Controls what goes in and what comes out of the cell Selectively permeable lipid bilayer (more about this tomorrow)

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside the cell Facilitates movement of materials around the cell Conducts electricity

Cytoskeleton Network of fibers inside the cytoplasm Provides structure to the cell The framework Keeps the organelles in their place

Golgi Apparatus Packages and transports proteins Makes vesicles Sends vesicles to plasma membrane Empties contents from the cell exocytosis

Vesicles Transport materials in/out and within the cell Membrane bound Endocytosis Material brought into the cell Exocytosis Material sent out of the cell

Vacuoles Membrane bound sacs Plant cells Animal cells Very large Provide structural support Store nutrients/wastes Animal cells Much smaller Temporarily store materials Transport substances

Lysosomes Contain enzymes Break up waste and debris Digest food Clean up the cell

And now, for your viewing pleasure…