1. Cell Theory Three Principles:
All living things are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of organization in living organisms.
All cells come from pre-existing/living cells. They pass on genetic information to their daughter cells.

2. Cell Organelles and Their Functions

3. 5 Common Features of All Cells:
All Cells (Pro & Euk) have 5 Common organelles:
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Chromosomal DNA
Cytoskeleton

4. Cell/Plasma Membrane Made up of a Phospholipid Bilayer
Lipids- form a barrier that separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell
Gate Keeper of Cell because
it is Selectively Permeable
(only allows some things in and out)
Types of Cells:
Bacterium, Protist, Fungus, Plant,
and Animal

5. Prokaryotic Cells

6. Memory Aid: PRO NO Prokaryotic: “before a nucleus" - unicellular
- lacks a nucleus
- 1 circular piece of chromosomal DNA   
- smaller than Eukaryotes
- reproduce by Binary Fission
There are 2 types:
1. Eubacteria (True bacteria)
2. Archaebacteria (Extremaphiles)
Memory Aid: PRO NO

7. What organelles does a Prokaryote contain?
Remember all cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, and, chromosomal DNA
Cell Wall:
rigid layer surrounding the
cell membrane and provides
protection and support
Capsule:
Layer that lies outside the cell wall
Flagellum:
Few long threadlike appendages used for locomotion
Pilli:
Short threadlike appendages allowing bacteria to attach to surfaces
Types of cells: Bacterium, Fungi, Plant

8. Eukaryotic Cells

9. Memory Aid: EU TRUE Eukaryotic: “true nucleus”
unicellular or multi-cellular
contains a nucleus (DNA found inside the nuclear membrane/envelope)
many linear strands of chromosomal DNA
bigger than prokaryotes
reproduce using mitosis
There are 4 kingdoms of
organisms with eukaryotic
cells : Protista, Fungi,
Plants, Animals
Memory Aid: EU TRUE

10. What organelles does the Eukaryote contain?
Remember all cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, and, chromosomal DNA
Membrane bound organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Wall

11. Nucleus
Container which stores the hereditary information (DNA) and regulates the production of proteins
Manager of the cell
Nuclear Envelope
double membrane that
surrounds the nucleus
Nuclear Pores
small channels through
which larger materials pass in/out of the nucleus
Nucleolus
makes ribosomes
Types of cells:
Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal

12. Chromosomal DNA “Blueprint” for all the cell’s characteristics.
Hereditary material that tells the cell what proteins to make.
Found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Types of cells:
Bacterium, Protist,
Fungus, Plant, and Animal

13. Cytoplasm
Jelly-like fluid contents of cells in which organelles are found
Cytosol:
fluid within the cytoplasm
Types of Cells:
Bacterium, Protist, Fungus,
Plant, and Animal

14. Cytoskeleton Provides the interior frame work of a cell
Anchors the cell’s
organelles
Types of Cells:
Bacterium, Protist, Fungus,
Plant, and Animal

15. Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
Plants cells have 3 Organelles that Animal Cells don’t have
Remember the 3 C’s:
1. Cell Wall 2. Chloroplast 3. Central Vacuole

16. Ribosome
Assembles (makes) proteins from raw materials following directions from the nucleus
Types of cells:
Bacterium, Protist,
Fungus, Plant,
and Animal

17. Mitochondria
Breaks down food (glucose) and releases energy in the form of ATP for the cell to use.
This process is called respiration.
Contain their
own DNA
Types of cells:
Protist, Fungus,
Plant, Animal
Memory Aid: Powerhouse of the Cell

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Membrane system of interconnected channels through which materials are transported
There are 2 types of ER:
Rough: has ribosomes
transports proteins from the
ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus
Smooth: no ribosomes
synthesizes and transports lipids
Types of cells:
Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal
Memory Aid: Subway

19. Golgi Apparatus
Flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles.
Vesicles can then travel through
the cytoplasm to deliver proteins.
Some fuse with the cell membrane
to release the proteins into
the environment outside the cell.
Types of cells:
Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal
Memory Aid: Post Office

20. Vacuole
Baglike structure that temporarily stores materials (food, water, enzymes, waste)
for the cell.
Types of cells:
Protist – food, contractile
Fungus - food
Animal – food
Plant – water, food, enzymes
large central vacuole
keeps cells turgid

21. Lysosome
Small, round organelle that contains digestive enzymes used for digesting a cell’s food or waste and invading bacteria and viruses
Types of
Cells:
Protist,
Plant,
Animal
Memory Aid: Cleanup Crew

22. Chloroplast
Captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy by making carbohydrates (glucose).
This process is called
Photosynthesis
Type of cells:
Plant
(a few Protists)