1. The Cell: Plants and Animals

2. Levels of Organization
Organisms ↓
Organ System
(group of organs working together)
Organ
(tissues working together)
Tissues
(group of cells working together)
Cell
(basic unit of life)
Organelles
(components of cell that have special functions to carry out life processes such as movement, growth, waste removal, reproduction, etc)

3. Cell Theory Cell Theory
All living things are made up of 1 or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells come from the division of other cells

4. The Animal Cell

5. The Plant Cell

6. Cell Membrane Roles: Protective barrier
Controls what goes in/out (eg. nutrients, waste)
Structure:
2 layers of lipids (fat molecules with phosphate groups) = phospholipid bilayer

7. Cell Wall Roles: Protection Gives plant support & rigidity Structure:
Outermost wall in plant cells, bacteria, fungi and some algae
Surrounds cell membrane
Porous

8. Cytoplasm
Roles:
Fluidity allows for movement of nutrients and organelles around the cell
Structure:
Made up of cytosol (fluid gel substance) and organelles

9. Cytoskeleton Roles: Helps maintain the cell’s shape Structure:
Internal network of fibres made up of protein filaments

10. Nucleus
Roles:
Control center of the cell that directs all of the cell’s activities.
Contains our genetic info, DNA, which is combined with proteins to make chromatin
During cell division, chromatin condenses into chromosomes

11. Nucleus
Structure:
Nuclear envelope that surrounds nucleus with nuclear pores
Pores allow movement of materials in/out
Nucleolus is dense area where components of the ribosomes are made

12. Ribosomes Roles: Where proteins for cell are made Structure:
Small dense organelles free-floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

13. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Roles:
Where proteins are made
Structure:
Series of small tubes or folds
Ribosomes are attached (hence “rough” part of name)

14. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Roles:
Makes fat molecules
Structure:
Series of small tubes or folds
No ribosomes are attached (hence “smooth” part of name)

16. Golgi Apparatus Roles:
Receives a fat or protein from ER and “prepares” it for delivery (using a vesicle) within the cell or outside of the cell
Structure:
Stack of flattened membranes

17. Vesicles
Roles:
Store & transport nutrients, waste and other materials.
Structure:
Membrane-bound sac

18. Vacuoles Roles: Store nutrients, waste and other materials
Central vacuole in plant stores water to maintain rigidity of plant
Structure:
Membrane bound sac

19. Lysosomes
Roles:
Contain special proteins called enzymes that breaks down food, dying/damaged cells as well as foreign bacteria
Structure:
Membrane-bound vesicle with enzymes in it
Released from Golgi Apparatus

20. Mitochondria Roles: Singular: “mitochondrion”
Powerhouse of the cell = provides energy
Uses chemical energy stored in food and converts it into an useful form for cell
Structure:
2 membranes – inner & outer
Numerous folds within: cristae

21. Chloroplasts
Roles:
Responsible for plant cellular respiration (photosynthesis)
Structure:
2 membranes
Inside, discs called thylakoids stacked together form a column called granum
Thylakoids contain green pigment called chlorophyll which kick-starts photosynthesis

22. Centrioles
Roles:
Paired structures that are involved in cell division (mitosis)
Structure:
Made up of protein filaments