1. Cytology
3.1, 3.2
22 September 2014

2. Compound microscope allowed for discovery of cells
Compound microscope allowed for discovery of cells. Cells are microscopic. Cyto- means “cell”. –ology means “study of”.

3. Cell theory principles
All organisms are made of cells.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.

4. All cells have cytoplasm: a jelly-like substance that contains molecular building blocks. Cytoplasm fills space between nucleus & membrane

5. All cells have a membrane: a barrier made up of phospholipids
All cells have a membrane: a barrier made up of phospholipids. Separates cytoplasm and organelles from the outside.

6. Cell-Membrane

7. Some cells have organelles – structures specialized to perform distinct functions.

8. Two Basic Cell Types – Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

9. Prokaryotes do not possess a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes do not possess a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. DNA is suspended within cytoplasm.

10. Eukaryotes possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. DNA is within the nucleus

11. Eukaryote cells have a cytoskeleton – a network of proteins that give the cell shape and strength.

12. The nucleus stores and protects DNA (genes)
The nucleus stores and protects DNA (genes). The nucleus also contains the nucleolus.

13. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – network of thin, folded membranes
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – network of thin, folded membranes. Will be close to the nucleus usually.

15. Ribosomes – tiny organelles on the ER
Ribosomes – tiny organelles on the ER. They link amino acids together to form ____________. Similar to sleeping bag with many folds.

16. Ribosomes – tiny organelles on the ER
Ribosomes – tiny organelles on the ER. They link amino acids together to form proteins. Smooth ER – no ribosomes – makes lipids Rough ER – ribosomes – makes proteins

18. Golgi apparatus – processes, sorts, and delivers proteins
Golgi apparatus – processes, sorts, and delivers proteins. Much like the post office within a county.

19. Vesicles are sacs (with membrane) that separate, hold, and transport some materials intracellularly. intra- means “within”. inter- means “between.”

20. The mitochondrion converts food into energy. Site of ATP production
The mitochondrion converts food into energy. Site of ATP production. Mitochondria is plural for mitochondrion.

22. vacuole – fluid-filled sac (no membrane) used to store materials needed by the cell.

23. Lysosomes – organelles containing enzymes
Lysosomes – organelles containing enzymes. Defends cell from invaders and breaks down worn out cell parts. More like a water tank.

24. Cell Wall – rigid layer that gives support, shape, and protection to some cells. Cell wall – animals? no – plants, fungi, most bacteria? yes

25. Made of cellulose Made of chitin Made of peptidoglycan Plant Cell Wall
Fungi Cell Wall
Bacterial Cell Wall
Made of cellulose
Made of chitin
Made of peptidoglycan

26. Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis. Photo- means “light”
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis. Photo- means “light”. Synthesis- means “production”.