Vannesa Mueller, Ph.D., CCC-SLP Speech-Language Pathology Program Intro to Phonetics Vannesa Mueller, Ph.D., CCC-SLP Speech-Language Pathology Program

Definitions Phonetics – study of speech emphasizing individual speech sounds

Definitions Phonology – study of the structure and systematic patterning of sounds within a particular language Which sounds language users use How the sounds are organized and arranged Japanese - /st/ not permitted English - /kn/, /gn/ do not start words

Physiological phonetics Anatomical and physiological mechanisms and processes that are the foundation for speech production Breathing Voicing Articulating Resonating

Speech is a side-effect

Respiratory system Primary function / vital function? Secondary function / overlaid functions?

Respiratory system

Respiratory system

Phonatory system Primary function / vital function? Secondary function / overlaid function?

Phonatory system

Phonatory system Fundamental frequency – number of glottal openings per second Females – 200-260 cycles per second Males – 120-145 cycles per second Vocal fold video

Resonatory system Primary function / vital function? Secondary function / overlaid function?

Resonatory system

Articulatory system Primary function / vital function? Secondary function / overlaid function?

Articulatory system

Phonetic transcription written notation of speech sounds IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) – most widely used system to document speech sounds

Underlying theoretical concepts some aspects of speech have linguistic relevance while others do not speech can be represented as a sequence of discrete sounds there are consonants and vowels the phonetic description of sound segments can be referenced according to their production and auditory characteristics suprasegmental properties need to be represented

English orthography How many letters? How many sounds? How many vowels? How many vowel sounds?

English orthography How many letters? 26 How many sounds? 44 How many vowels? 5 How many vowel sounds? 16 (Australian English – 21)

What word is this? ghoti

How do we describe speech sounds? Place of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing

Voicing /p/ pay /b/ boy /t/ toy /d/ doll /k/ coat /g/ goat /m/ moon /n/ not /ŋ/ sing /θ/ think /ð/ those /f/ far /v/ vase /s/ sun /z/ zoo / ʃ / shoe /ʒ/ beige /h/ hop /t ʃ / chop /dʒ/ job /j/ yes /w/ win /ʍ/ what /l/ leap /r/ run

Ready?! Hat Soap Word Three Through Forward How many sounds are in the following words? Hat Soap Word Three Through Forward

Aspirated /p/ vs. unaspirated /p/ Allophones The variation of a phoneme used by various speakers in differing contexts In other words, allophones are variations of phones that belong in the same family of phonemes Aspirated /p/ vs. unaspirated /p/ “peddle” vs. “stop”

Allophones Free variation – either phone can be used Complementary distribution – phones have certain linguistic environments that do not overlap list vs. full

Coarticulation Changes in the production of sounds based on the influence of surrounding sounds Sue News /nuz/ vs. Newspaper /nuspe͡ɪpɚ/ Sandwich /sæmɪtʃ/

Dialectical variations Substitution processes - /ɑ,ɔ/ Phonotactic processes – addition or deletion of phonemes /pɑk/ for park Prosodic variability – stress differences /dʒuˈla͡ɪ/ vs. /ˈdʒula͡ɪ/

Why do you care?

Voice onset time The duration of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voice. /p/ vs. /b/

Rife & Rice (2014)