1. English Linguistics: An Introduction
Chapter 3 Phonology
胡壮麟 《语言学教程》 课件 音系学 音位学
创思英语 张Andy

2. Chapter 3 Phonology 0. Warm-up Questions 1. Introduction
2. A Basic Distinction
3. Phonological Process
4. Suprasegmental Features
创思英语 张Andy

3. 0. Warm-up Questions
How can we know how many sounds a speaker produces in speech?
How is a sound influenced by its neighboring sounds?
How do you think a linguist identifies distinctive sounds in a language?
What else do we have to know in order to pronounce correctly besides the pronunciation of a single sound?
创思英语 张Andy

4. 1. Introduction 1.1 Definition
Phonology is the study of sound system (pattern, structure).
Phonologists seek to find out (i) which sounds, out of all the sounds a speaker of some language utters, are the linguistically significant sounds for that language, and (ii) which rules govern the organization and distribution of these sounds with respect to each other.
音系学 定义 与语音学的区别
创思英语 张Andy

5. 1. Introduction 1.2 Phonology vs. Phonetics
Phonetics and phonology are both concerned with the same aspect of language — speech sounds. The distinction between the two fields is as follows: phonetics deals primarily with all the speech sounds in all human languages, including the way in which they are produced, transmitted, and perceived; while phonology deals more with the organization of speech sounds into sound systems of different languages.
音位学与语音学的区别
创思英语 张Andy

6. 2. A Basic Distinction 2.1 Phone 2.2 Phoneme
Definition: individual sounds as they occur in actual speech, the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech.
Examples: tenth [thenθ] (represented between brackets by convention) ～ ︺
2.2 Phoneme
语音 音位
创思英语 张Andy
Definition: the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.
Examples: /b/, /j/, /o/ (between slashes by convention)

7. 2. A Basic Distinction 2.3 Allophone
Definition: any variant of a phoneme (in complementary distribution互补分配 and with phonetic similarity发音相似性)
e.g. The aspirated [ph] in the word peak and the unaspirated [p=] in speak are two phones, and allophones of the phoneme /p/.
音位变体
创思英语 张Andy

8. 3. Phonological Process 3.1 Phonological Process
Definition: a structural change a target or affected segment undergoes in a certain phonological context.
Assimilation (coarticulation)
e.g. since [sins], sink [siηk] (regressive assimilation)
books [buks], beds [bedz] (progressive assimilation)
音变过程 音变表征
创思英语 张Andy
3.2 Phonological Representation
e.g. nasalization rule: [-nasal] [+nasal] / [+nasal]

9. 4. Suprasegmental Features
4.1 Syllable
A syllable must have a nucleus or peak, which is often a vowel ([kɔtn]).
Not all syllables contains an onset and a coda (-open/+closed).
4.2 Stress
超切分特征 超音段特征 音节 节首 节峰 节核心 重音 轻音 主重读 次重读
创思英语 张Andy
Distinction: stressed (primary and secondary) and unstressed
Variation of word stress: parts of speech, time, region / dialect, compound/phrase, gerund/present participle

10. 4. Suprasegmental Features
4.3 Tone: pitch variation with syllables or words.
Chinese is a tone language in which tone distinguishes meaning.
Level (阴平): mā (妈) rise (阳平): má (麻)
Fall-rise (上声): mǎ (马) fall (去声): mà(骂)
4.4 Intonation: pitch movement or pattern of utterance.
声调 语调 音调高低变化
创思英语 张Andy
Falling : indicating a straight-forward statement
Rising: making a question, showing politeness and surprise
Fall-rise: conveying an implied message