1. 1 Phonetics and Phonemics

2. 2 Phonetics and Phonemics : Phonetics The principle goal of Phonetics is to provide an exact description of every known speech sound Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language Phonemics Phonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived of by speakers of particular language

3. 3 Phonetics : Articulatory phonetics  How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail Acoustical phonetics  The emphasis is on observable, measurable characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds  Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware

4. 4 Articulatory phonetics : The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe speech sound in the terms of position of the vocal organs Phonetic alphabet  Phoneticians have had to devise their own system of notation IPA ARPAbet

5. 5 Excitation Of The Speech System Phonation Whispering Frication Compression Vibration

6. 6 Articulatory phonetics (consonants) : Categories  Consonants: easy to define in anatomical terms Point of articulation: Point of articulation: this I the location of the principal constriction in the vocal tract  Bilabial  Labiodental  Apicodental  Apicogingival  Apicoalveolar  Apicodomal  Laminoalveolar  Laminodomal  Centrodomal  Dorsovelar  Pharyngeal  Glottal

7. 7 …Consonants: Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at the point of articulation and the manner of release into the following sound  Plosive  Aspirated  Affricative  Fricative  Lateral  Semivowel  Nasal  Trill

8. 8 …Consonants: Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of phonation  Voiced  Unvoiced

9. 9 Articulatory phonetics (vowels) :  Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants, this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by Tongue high or low Tongue front or back Lips rounded or unrounded Nasalized or unnasalized Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another

10. 10 Articulatory phonetics :  Diphthongs:  Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another  Coarticulation: No speech sound is produced accurately in the context of other sound coarticulation Overlapping of phonetic features from phone to phone is termed coarticulation

11. 11 Phonemics : Phonetics Phonetics is a view of speech sounds considered in isolation from any languages Phonemics Phonemics is the view from within some specific language Phonemes phone  Phonetics: an individual sound is a phone phoneme  Phonemics: the smallest meaningful unit in a specific language is the phoneme

12. 12 Phonemics (phonemes) : A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a given language that is sufficient to differentiate one word from another Example:  In English, Voicing is a feature which distinguishes between two phonemes ‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’  In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in German ‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]

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15. 15 Phonemics (phonemes) : The largest number of phoneme known is 45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in Hawaiian English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29 to 45 phonemes, depending on how they are analyzed

16. 16 Phonemics (Allophones) : allophones. A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically similar sound which are accepted by the speakers of the language as being the same sound. Members of the set are called allophones. Example:  The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”.  The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.

17. 17 English Phonemes Vowels Semi-vowels Fricatives Nasals Stops Aspiration uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el y r l el w jh ch s sh z zh f th v dh m n ng em en eng nx b d g p t k dx q bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl hv hh

18. 18 Parsian Phonemes واكه ها يه، ي به، و و، و ا،آ انفجاري ها ب پ ت، ط د ك ك گ گ ق،غ ء

19. 19 Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d) سايشي هاانفجاري سايشي ها ف و ث، س، ص ز، ذ، ض، ظ ش ژ خ ه، ح ج چ شبه واكه ها ل ر م ن يه، ي

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