Biochemistry Study of chemicals and how they react in living organisms Inorganic Compounds (in=not) organic molecules do not contain carbon Water is the most abundant and important inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all cells and 2/3 of body weight Most other substances in organisms are dissolved in water (universal solvent) Identify the important facts regarding inorganic molecules.
Chemical Reactions Dehydration Synthesis: (building up) Creates one polymer from many monomers One molecule of water is formed every time two monomers are connected Hydrolysis: (breaking down) Creates many monomers from one polymer One molecule of water is needed every time two monomers are detached
Organic Compounds Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and sometimes nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur (CHONPS) Carbon is found in things that are or once were living. Carbon atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Have students differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds.
Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be hundreds to thousands of molecules in length The single molecules are called monomers.(mono=one) Ex: amino acid, nucleotide, glucose The images at the bottom are examples of monomers. Explain to the students that fructose is a simple sugar. The string of beads are also an example of monomers. As the beads are all the same in the string.
Organic Compounds The long molecules formed by connecting monomers are called polymers. (poly=many) Example: starch, protein, oils Compare the structure of the monomers to the polymers. Use the InterWrite tablet to identify the bonds for students.
Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Students are to list all of the reasons why macromolecules are essential to life on their Cornell note sheet. Please allow time for this.
Carbohydrates-sugars and starches Contain atoms of carbon hydrogen oxygen The ratio of the atoms is 1 C : 2 H : 1 O Emphasize the importance of carbohydrates to living things.
Function of Carbohydrates: Energy (to fuel cell processes) Immediate Use Monomers (simple sugars)found in plants like sugar cane and fruits Future Use (stored) Polymers (starches) found in grains and vegetables Structures (parts of cells) Polymers (starches) found in the cell walls of plants
Types of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are classified according to size. One sugar is a monosaccharide (mono=1) Two sugars make a disaccharide (di=2) Lots of sugar molecules linked together form a polysaccharide (poly=many)
Monosaccharide (monomers) Milk Sugar Fruit Sugar Use image to discuss the structure of the two simple sugars and their molecular formula C6H12O6. Use the InterWrite tablet to circle the functional group. Types of Carbs
Disaccharide Differentiate between the simple sugars and the complex sugar. Again, emphasize the structure and molecular formula C12H22O11. Use the InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group. Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion. Other examples: sucrose, lactose Types of Carbs
Polysaccharide (polymer) Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. Ex. glycogen (animal starch), cellulose Identify the structure of the polysaccharide. Highlight for students how the long chains of monomers form this polymer. Also, use the InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group. Types of Carbs
Lipids Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen (not 1:2:1) The H:O is higher than in carbohydrates Three types Fats Oils Waxes Form chains or rings Typically contain two monomers – glycerol and fatty acids Emphasize the three types of lipids. Click link for glycerol and fatty acids to show a diagram of the two structures. Use InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group.
Monomers in Lipids Lipids Discuss the differences between the glycerol and the fatty acids chain. Lipids
Energy Storage for later use by the body. Functions of Lipids Energy Storage for later use by the body. Padding and Protection (especially around body organs) Identify the functions of the lipids. Make sure students have the same information on their Cornell note sheet.
Proteins Made up of chains of amino acids Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Made up of chains of amino acids
Formation of Proteins
Polymerization of Proteins peptide bond: covalent bond that joins amino acids another example of dehydration synthesis dipeptide: two amino acids joined together tripeptide: three amino acids joined together polypeptide: long chain of amino acids amino acidspolypeptideprotein
Function of Proteins Structural components of cells Help carry out chemical reactions (enzymes) Pump small molecules in/out of cells Help cells to move