1. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry- The study of organic compounds, which are those compounds containing carbon. (Chains of carbon)

2. Inorganic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon
Exceptions - CO2, CO, bicarbonates
Other examples: NaOH, O2, H2O
WATER is the most abundant and important inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all cells and 2/3 of body weight
Identify the important facts regarding inorganic molecules.

3. Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic and are needed for life to exist.
Carbon is found in things that are or once were living.
We are NOT talking about organic made products from the grocery store
Have students differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds.

4. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O, or N
Four 90 angle bonds
Example: CH4 (methane)

5. Carbon Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds with itself.
Single: C-C   
double: C=C   
triple: C=C

6. Carbon Compounds Carbon can bond with other carbon to form chains
Three different forms
straight chains
branched chains
rings
No other element comes close to carbon’s versatility

7. Macromolecules Large organic molecules Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids (not a polymer)
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

8. Macromolecules
Organic compounds are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual molecules.
The single molecules in a polymer are called monomers.
The images at the bottom are examples of monomers. Explain to the students that fructose is a simple sugar. The string of beads are also an example of monomers. As the beads are all the same in the string.

9. Macromolecules
The long molecules formed by repeating patterns of monomers are called polymers.
Compare the structure of the monomers to the polymers. Use the InterWrite tablet to identify the bonds for students.

10. Macromolecules
4 Types of Organic Compounds or macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Essential to maintaining life processes: cell function, storage, energy, homeostasis and genetic information.
Students are to list all of the reasons why macromolecules are essential to life on their Cornell note sheet. Please allow time for this.

11. How are Macromolecules Formed?
Question
How are Macromolecules Formed?

12. Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”
Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”
Synthesis reaction
(building a molecule)

13. How are macromolecules separated or digested?
Question
How are macromolecules separated or digested?

14. Answer: Hydrolysis Separates polymers by “adding water”
Breaking down a molecule
Digestion
Why is it important to drink extra water if you are trying to lose weight?

15. Condensation vs Hydrolysis

16. Functional Groups
A functional group is a group of atoms that characterize the structure of a family of organic compounds.
Functional groups determine many of the properties of organic compounds.
Functional groups are where two molecules will combine
4 Types to know: Amine (NH2), Carboxyl (COOH), Hydroxyl (OH), phosphate
Use the interactive links to show the diagrams of each functional group.

17. Found in Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Amine Group
N-H2
Found in Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Use InterWrite tablet to a place circle around the functional group.
Functional Groups

18. Found in lipids and Proteins
Carboxyl Group
COOH
Found in lipids and Proteins
Identify the double bonds, in the carboxyl group.
Functional Groups

19. Found in Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
Hydroxyl Group
-OH
Found in Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
Circle the hydroxyl group in the sugar molecule. Use the InterWrite tablets.
Functional Groups

20. Phosphate group Found in Phospholipids and Nucleic acids
Nucleotide
Found in Phospholipids and Nucleic acids

21. Carbohydrates Make up sugars and starches
Contain a hydroxyl (OH) group
Contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The ratio of the atoms is 1 C : 2 H : 1 O
Provide energy to the cells.
Some carbohydrates are used for structure
Dissolve in water (hydrophilic)
Emphasize the importance of carbohydrates to living things.

22. Types of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are classified according
to size.
One sugar is a monosaccharide (monomer).
Two sugars make a disaccharide.
Many sugar molecules linked together form a polysaccharide (polymer).

23. Monosaccharides These are the monomers of Carbohydrates
One sugar unit (One monosaccharide)
(Also called simple sugars)
glucose
Use image to discuss the structure of the two simple sugars and their molecular formula C6H12O6. Use the InterWrite tablet to circle the functional group.
Milk Sugar
Fruit Sugar
Types of Carbs

24. Monosaccharides Examples: Energy Monosaccharides
Glucose (C6H12O6) – Sugar plants make
****most important monosaccharide
Fructose- Fruit sugar
Galactose- monomer of milk sugar
Structural Monosacchrides
Deoxyribose – found in DNA
Ribose- found in RNA

25. Disaccharide
Differentiate between the simple sugars and the complex sugar. Again, emphasize the structure and molecular formula C12H22O11. Use the InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group.
Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion.  
Types of Carbs

26. Disaccharide Disaccharide: two monosaccharides Examples:
Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Table Sugar
Lactose (glucose + galactose) Milk Sugar
Maltose (glucose + glucose) Malt Sugar
glucose

27. Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches.
Polysaccharide
Identify the structure of the polysaccharide. Highlight for students how the long chains of monomers form this polymer. Also, use the InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group.
Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches.
Types of Carbs

28. Polysaccharide (complex carbohydrates)
Polysaccharide: many monosaccharides Examples: Starch (bread, potatoes)-stored excess sugar in plants Glycogen (beef muscle)-stored excess sugar in animals Cellulose (lettuce, corn) -builds cell walls in plants Chitin (exoskeleton of crayfish)

29. Questions?
Do polysaccharides or monosaccharides provide more energy? Why? What type of carbohydrate would you eat if you needed quick energy? What type of carbohydrate would you eat the night before you run a marathon?

30. Lipids The four types of lipids are fats, oils, steroids and waxes.
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Typically contain two building blocks – glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol contains the hydroxyl (OH) group.
Fatty acids contain the carboxyl (COOH) group.
Emphasize the three types of lipids. Click link for glycerol and fatty acids to show a diagram of the two structures. Use InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group.

31. Building Blocks in Lipids
Discuss the differences between the glycerol and the fatty acids chain.
Lipids

32. Functions of Lipids Lipids store energy for later use by the body.
Lipids also serve as padding and protection for the body.
Lipids do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic), but may contain parts that can dissolve in water.
The H : O ratio is higher in lipids than it is in carbohydrates.
Identify the functions of the lipids. Make sure students have the same information on their Cornell note sheet.

33. Structure of a Lipid Dissolves in water (hydrophilic)
Does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
Use this slide to discuss the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of the lipid molecule. The link will also take you to an image of the phospholipid bilayer.

34. Phospholipid Found in cell membranes Head is the phosphate group.
Hydrophilic
Tails are the fatty acids.
Hydrophobic
Explain to the students how the phosholipid bilayer works.

35. Fatty Acids
Long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons)
Saturated fats contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms.
Unsaturated fats contain one or more double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms.
Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats.

36. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
Explain the structure.

37. Proteins Proteins are the building materials for the body.
Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made mostly of proteins.
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
Contain amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups
Identify the functions of proteins.

38. Function of Proteins
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids (monomers).
Serve as enzymes which control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
Amino acids are connected by a special type of bond called a peptide bond.
Amino acid chains are called polypeptides.
A protein contains one or more polypeptide chains.
Additional functions for review. Use the link to an example of three different types of amino acids and a peptide bond.

39. Amino Acids Function of Proteins
Identify the three amino acids. Explain how they come together to form the peptide bond.
Function of Proteins

40. Types of Proteins
There are two types of proteins – fibrous and globular.
Fibrous protein (found in skin, tendons, bones, and muscles) does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic).
Globular protein (found in enzymes, some hormones, and hemoglobin) can dissolve in water (hydrophilic).
This slide is optional. Use if you would like your students to have this additional information regarding proteins. It is also linked to examples of each type of protein.

41. Fibrous Proteins
Keratins are a family of fibrous structural proteins; tough and insoluble, they form the hard but nonmineralized structures found in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals.
Optional
Types of Proteins

42. Globular Proteins
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions.
Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at significant rates.
Optional
Types of Proteins