Kingdom Fungi Chapter 22

What are Fungi? Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made of chitin Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion) Digestion on outside of organism Release enzymes onto food and absorb nutrients Multicellular (except for yeasts) Composed of thin filaments called hyphae Eukaryotes = have a nucleus Heterotrophs = cannot make own food

Haploid most of life cycle Spread by producing haploid reproductive cells = spores Most reproduce both asexually and sexually Divided into 4 phyla based on method of reproduction (life cycle) and reproductive structures. Haploid = single set of chromosomes Mushroom Reproduction

Fungus Structure 2 main parts of fungus: 1)mycelium 2)fruiting body

Mycelium: main body of fungus, tangled network of hyphae, absorbs food. Fruiting body: reproductive structure ex) mushroom

Sexual Reproduction 2 hyphae of different mating types join These grow and produce fruiting body

Asexual Reproduction Fruiting body releases spores Spores grow new hyphae

4 Phyla of Fungi 1) Zygomycota 2) Ascomycota 3) Basidiomycota 4) Deuteromycota

Phylum Zygomycota “conjugation fungi” Common molds ex) bread mold 2 main hyphae types 1)rhizoids: anchor & absorb 2)stolons: run along surface Form reproductive structure = zygospore No septa in hyphae Sexual reproduction – use conjugation 2 hyphae join together and form zygospore

Phylum Ascomycota “sac fungi” Largest phylum of fungi Form spores within a sac-like structure = ascus ex) truffels, morels, cup fungus, & yeast(unicellular)

Yeast can reproduce asexually by budding yeast perform alcoholic fermentation (anaerobic) to obtain energy.

Phylum Basidiomycota “club fungi” Spore bearing structure = club shaped basidia ex) mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungus, jelly fungus

Typical mushroom structures Cap Gills Annulus Stalk/stipe

Phylum Deuteromycota “imperfect fungi” No means of sexual reproduction ex) Penicillium produces penicillin; athlete’s foot; ringworm

Ecology of Fungi All heterotrophs Saprobes: decomposers Parasites: cause diseases (athletes foot)

Symbiotic relationships Lichens: fungi + photosynthetic organism Mycorrhizae: fungi + plant roots