1. Chapter 19 part II
Fungi

2. General characteristics
Variety of moist habitats
Variety of sizes and colors
Variety of temperatures
All decompose large amounts of organic waste materials

3. Fungal structure Hyphae Develop from spores
Branch to form a network of mycelium
Divided by cross walls (septa)
Cytoplasm passes through pores in septa to allow transport of nutrients
Some hyphae have no septa

4. Fungal structure
Cell walls
Made of chitin (carbohydrate)

5. Food getting Extracellular digestion
Food is digested outside of fungus cells
Hyphae release enzymes to digest food and nutrients released are absorbed (pass into cells by diffusion or facilitated diffusion)

6. Food getting Feeding relationships of fungi and plants
Fungi absorb nutrients from plants but provide the plant with water and minerals
Some fungi parasitize plants and animals (athlete’s foot, yeast infections, tree fungus)
Some fungi are decomposers and use dead organic materials for nutrients

7. Reproduction is asexual
Fragmentation
Pieces of hyphae break off and grow new mycelia
Budding
Mitosis occurs producing new individual fungi which separates from the parent cell
Spores
Reproductive cells made that germinate and develop into new organisms

8. Classification
Fungi are classified by spores produced in sexual reproduction or meiosis

9. Adaptations Spores Small and light weight for easy dispersal
Produced in large quantities
Can be dispersed by wind, water, animals, insects

10. Phyla of fungi Zygomycota-Zygospore forming Ascomycota-Sac forming
Basidiomycota-Mushroom forming
Deuteromycota-no sexual reproduction
Mutualistic
Mycorrhiza-fungi and plants
Lichens-fungi and algae or cyanobacterium

11. Zygomycota Form zygospores Decomposers Reproduce asexually w/ spores
Hyphae grow upwards and release spores
Reproduce sexually w/ thick-walled spores
Triggered by environmental change
2 hyphae come in contact and fuse to form haploid gametangia
Gametangia fuse to form zygote that develops into zygospore

12. Zygomycota continued Growth
Stolons are hyphae that grow horizontally on the surface of a food source
Rhizoids penetrate the food to anchor mycelium and are the site of extracellular digestions and nutrient absorption

14. Ascomycota Sac fungi are largest group w/30,000 species
Produce asci (sacs) that contain sexual spores (ascospores)
Asexual reproduction
Hyphae rise up from mycelium to produce asexual spores
Spores are dispersed by wind, water, animals

15. Ascomycota continued Importance Decompose food products
Cause plant diseases
Apple scab, Dutch elm, ergot
Some attack people and animals
Some are edible
Morels
Truffles
Yeasts (food and research)

18. Basidiomycota
Club fungi include mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, smuts, rusts
Basidia (club shaped hyphae) produce spores
Mushroom (stalk and cap) produce sexual spores for a short period of time (p. 570)

22. Deuteromycota NO known sexual reproduction
One type produces penicillin
Some used in soy sauce and cheese
Some used to produce citric acid

24. Mutualism Mycorrhiza: fungus and plant roots
Fungus increases amount of nutrients absorbed by the plant: P, Cu, other minerals
Fungus keeps soil damp around plant roots
Plant gives fungus organic nutrients like sugar and amino acids
80-90% of all plants have mycorrhiza

25. Mutualism continued Lichens-fungus with a green alga or cyanobacterium
Fungus provides habitat and retains moisture, gives minerals to alga and protects from sunlight
Alga photosynthesizes and gives fungus food
Only need light, air and minerals
Found in every environment

27. Lichens

28. Lichens