Macromolecules are large molecules called polymers. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic compounds are synthesized by cells and contain Carbon – made of carbon skeleton. BUILDING macromolecules (AKA.organic compounds): Macromolecules are large molecules called polymers. These polymers are composed of monomer subunits.

REACTIONS Condensation (dehydration synthesis) – monomers are connected to produce polymers; releases H2O during the reaction (building up) Hydrolysis – polymers are broken down into their monomers; H2O is needed for the reaction to occur (breaking down) ENZYMES assist in both reactions!

4 Types of Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

1. CARBOHYDRATES consist of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio FUNCTION – Main source of energy – breakdown of sugar supplies quick energy to cells; excess is stored as complex sugars in cells

1. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharide –monomer, ring carbohydrate Disaccharide- two sugar carbohydrate Ex: table sugar- glucose bonded to fructose

1. CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharide- polymer carbohydrate. Made up of long chains of glucose Starch- a spiral chain of glucose. Made by plants as a storage molecule Glycogen- a chain of glucose made by animals to store excess glucose Cellulose- chain of glucose hooked together like a chained link fence Made by plants for cell wall support Humans cannot digest

1. CARBOHYDRATES 3 types of carbohydrates

2. LIPIDS consist of C, H, O hydrophobic – insoluble in water FUNCTIONS: Energy Storage – breakdown of lipids provides long-term energy supply; excess is stored in fat cells; yields twice as much energy as carbohydrates Component of cell membrane (phospholipids) provides cushions, insulates and waterproofing (wax)

2. LIPIDS A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules, glycerol & fatty acids. (monomer) Fatty acid chains can be saturated (solid at room temp) or unsaturated (liquid at room temp).

2. LIPIDS Fats- solid at room temperature, Saturated Fatty Acid Oils- liquid at room temperature, Unsaturated Fatty Acid Waxes- waterproofing (skin, fur, feathers) protective coating on plants Steroids- maintain and control functions throughout the body Cholesterol & Sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

3. PROTEINS consist of C, H, O, N, S polymers made of amino acids (monomer) Peptide bond forms between amino acids **NOT a good source of energy

3. PROTEINS Functions: Structural element of hair/nails (keratin) & bone/cartilage (collagen) Increase rate of reaction as an enzyme (biological catalyst) Transport and storage of molecules Control of metabolism Receptor proteins - signaling from cell to cell Tissue defense (antibodies)

polymer of nucleotides (monomer) 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS consist of C, H, O, N, P polymer of nucleotides (monomer) stores and transmits genetic information Two types of nucleic acids – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – double strand of genetic information RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single strand copy of DNA used to build proteins

Enzymes Enzymes are a type of protein They speed up a chemical reaction (serve as a catalyst) by lowering the activation rate Almost all metabolic reactions are helped along by enzymes Enzymes function at a specific temperature, pH, and concentration (amount of enzyme) Ex: pepsin enzyme in the stomach works at a pH of 2

Enzyme names usually end in –ase Enzymes, Cont. Enzyme names usually end in –ase Ex: Lipase (breaks down fats) Catalase (break down hydrogen peroxide in tissues) Amylase (break down starch, saliva is an amylase)