Cell Introduction Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organelles Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job.

Prokaryotic Cells A cell that lacks a nucleus Still has Genetic information (DNA) just not contained in the nucleus Bacteria and archaea are two types of prokaryotic cells These appear to be the earliest organisms on earth.

Eukaryotic Cells A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Genetic material is contained in the nucleus These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cells

Two Basic types Prokaryote Eukaryote Cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus Eukaryote Cell organelles

Compare and Contrast Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

Animal cell -Eukaryote

Plant cell - Eukaryote

Organelle: “Mini” organ Cell Organelles Organelle: “Mini” organ

Nucleus A large round organelle in the center of cells that contains and protects the cells genetic material (DNA) The “brain” of the cell Nuclear Envelope: double membrane folded together (lipid bilayer). Outer membrane becomes ER Allows water and gases to pass freely- selectively permeable

Nucleolus Dense irregularly shaped region inside of nucleus Subunits of ribosomes are made here

Ribosome A small, round organelle Made up of proteins and rRNA found bound to the ER or found floating in the cell. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Ribosome Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum An extension of nuclear envelope Flattened sacs/tubes (network of membranes) Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough E.R. Has ribosomes attached to the outside of the membrane Creates proteins Smooth E.R Does not have ribosomes attached to the membrane Creates lipids Breaks down carb’s/fatty acids/drugs/poisons

Transport vesicle buds off Ribosome Polypeptide Glycoprotein Sugar chain Rough ER Secretary (glyco-) protein inside trans- port vesicle

Plasma Membrane A thin outer layer of a cell Made up of a phospholipid bilayer Regulates the amounts and types of molecules into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm vs Cytosol The entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane A fluid filled space, where all organelles are found Cytosol: All the LIQUID between the nucleus and cell membrane

Golgi Apparatus An organelle made up of a series of folded membrane sacs Makes changes to the products made by the ER (packages) Add phosphates or sugars Folds proteins into 3D shapes

“Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus vesicle from the Golgi

Mitochondria Double membrane, with inner membrane folded. Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner Cristae Matrix TEM 44,880 Double membrane, with inner membrane folded. Matrix- fluid inside, contains own DNA and ribososmes Resemble bacteria in size, form and biochemistry Divide on own Cellular Respirations: Uses food (glucose) to create chemical energy (ATP) Found in plant and animal cells

Lysosomes (type of vesicle) Membrane bound sack that contains digestive enzymes Lysosomes are used to break down macromolecules Break down incoming food Destroy harmful bacteria Recycle damaged organelles

Peroxisome (type of vesicle) Contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids During breakdown, hydrogen peroxide made as a byproduct- toxic- broken down into water and oxygen

Vesicle Membrane enclosed, sac-like organelles Great numbers Bud from other organelles or from the cell membrane Many types- transport vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisomes Transport Vesicles- transport proteins from one organelle to another or to and from the cell membrane

Plasma membrane Rough ER Lysosomes Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Engulfment of particle “Food” Food vacuole Digestion Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle

Vacuole (a type of vesicle) A large membrane bound sack found inside of the cell Stores:waste/toxins/a.a/sugars/io ns and water Central Vacuole: (makes up 50- 90% of plant cell) Water in vacuole pushes against cell wall to keep it firm

Chloroplast Central vacuole Nucleus Contractile vacuoles LM 650  Central vacuole Nucleus Contractile vacuoles Chloroplast Colorized TEM 8,700 

Cytoskeleton A network of proteins extending through the cytoplasm, such as microtubules and microfilaments Reinforce, organize and move cells or cell structures (provide shape to cell)

Cell Wall A strong porous layer outside of the plasma membrane Cell wall is found only in certain bacteria and plant cells. Protects and supports the cell, and maintains cell shape

Chloroplast (type of plastid) Oval disk shape, with double membrane Stroma- fluid inside chloroplast- contains enzymes and DNA Resemble photosynthetic bacteria Photosynthesis: Converts water and CO2 using sunlight into sugar and oxygen

Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space TEM 9,750

Chromoplast and Amyloplast (plastids) Chromoplast- make and store pigments other than chlorophyll Amyloplasts- store starch (amylose and amylopectin)