1. Chapter 6
A Tour of the Cell

2. Basic Definitions
A cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are made of cells.
Inside cells are organelles, which are small, membrane bound structures that have specific jobs.
Cells are small because nutrients and water must be able to get to all parts of the cell (low surface area to volume ratio)

3. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
A prokaryotic cell does NOT have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. It is small and simple, having only cytoplasm (fluid) and ribosomes (organelles that make protein). Bacteria are prokaryotic.
A eukaryotic cell DOES have a nucleus and organelles. They are larger and more complex, and include plants and animals.

4. Subcellular terms Cytoplasm or cytosol is the fluid inside a cell.
All cells are surrounded by cell (plasma) membranes, which are selectively permeable.

5. Organelles
The nucleus contains the genes (DNA) of an organism. It is the control center of the cell.
DNA is organized into chromosomes, structures that carry genes.
Chromosomes are made of chromatin, a combination of DNA and protein.

6. Organelles
The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear membrane.
Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.
Ribosomes are the organelles that make proteins.

7. The endomembrane system
Several organelles make up the endomembrane system, which help make and transport substances.
Vesicles are tiny vehicles that shuttle things around the endomembrane system.

8. Endomembrane: the ER
The endoplasmic reticulum is a series of membranes that make up almost half of the cell.
There are two types:
Rough ER: has ribosomes on the surface; makes proteins and membranes
Smooth ER: has no ribosomes on it; makes lipids, carbs, enzymes, and detoxifies drugs and poisons.

9. Endomembrane
The Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body) is like the cell’s UPS: it manufactures, stores, sorts, and ships products made by the ER to other parts of the cell.

10. Endomembrane
Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules (pH 5).
If they pop, cells digest themselves. This is called apoptosis, and is programmed cell death.

11. Endomembrane Vacuoles are large, hollow organelles. They can be
Food vacuoles: used to store and digest cellular food
Contractile vacuoles: pump excess water from cells, help propel them through liquid
Central vacuole: found in plant cells, store water. Are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.

12. Review of the Endomembrane System

13. Energy Organelles
The mitochondria is found in plant and animal cells. It is the site of cellular respiration, the power house of the cell, and makes energy (ATP) from sugar and oxygen.
Inner membrane is called the cristae
Inside the cristae is a compartment called the matrix.

14. Energy Organelles
The chloroplast is found ONLY in plant cells, it converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP).
The fluid in the chloroplast is called the stroma
Thylakoids (look like poker chips) are stacked in piles called grana

15. Energy Organelles
Peroxisomes contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substances to oxygen, makes hydrogen peroxide H2O2.
These break down fatty acids and detoxify poisons

16. The Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is made up of a network of fibers and helps organize and give structure to cells.

17. Cytoskeleton: Microtubules
Microtubules are hollow tubes that help maintain cell shape, help cells move, help chromosomes move during cell division, and help organelles move inside cells.
The centrosome and centrioles help move chromosomes
Flagella are long tails, cilia are short hair-like projections, both move cells

18. Cytoskeleton: microfilaments
Microfilaments are double stranded filaments that help maintain cell shape, are involved in muscle contraction, and help cells divide and move.
Actin is a protein that helps muscles move

19. Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments
Intermediate filaments are proteins coiled into thick cables. They help anchor organelles in place

20. Outside the Cell
Plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose. They protect and support the cell, and regulate water balance.
Plasmodesmata are holes in cell walls that allow water and nutrients to be exchanged.
Animal cells have intercellular junctions for this function