Biochemistry Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds Macromolecules or “giant molecules” are made of thousands of smaller molecules Formed from the process of polymerization in which smaller units, monomers, join together to form polymers

Dehydration synthesis- a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules bond by losing one or more water molecules.

Hydrolysis- a chemical reaction in which the interaction of water and a compound result in the breaking up of that compound.

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids In Biology, there are 4 important molecules for life, called biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Made of: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) 1. Carbohydrates Made of: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio, ex. C6H12O6 Monomer: monosaccharides = 1 sugar Examples: glucose, fructose and galactose Polymer: polysaccharides= 2 or more sugars Examples: cellulose, starch and glycogen

Carbohydrates in your Diet: Pasta, potatoes & breads

Functions: Short-term energy Structural Support Cellulose (cell wall of plants) Chitin (cell walls of fungi & exoskeleton of insects) Energy storage Starch (in plants) Glycogen (for short-term energy storage of glucose in liver & muscle cells)

Iodine Test: Orangey-brown color of Iodine turns to Blue-black when reacting with starch Benedict’s Test: Blue reagent will turn to dark red or rusty-brown in the presence of a simple sugar such as glucose

2. Lipids Made of: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Lipids can also contain phosphorus (phospholipid) Lipids are NOT polymers (just a big, fat molecule) They are not soluble in water Examples: Fats, oils & waxes

Fatty Acid Tail

Lipid structure: Triglyceride made of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol

2 Types of Fatty Acids 1. Saturated- have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms Ex. Most animal fats Solid @ room temperature These should be limited in your diet

2 Types of Fatty Acids 2. Unsaturated- a fat in which at least one double bond exists Monounsaturated- one double bond Polyunsaturated-more than one double bond Ex. Plant, vegetable & fish fats Liquid @ room temperature These are a better choice in your diet because the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together

Functions of the lipids: Long-term energy (store energy for later) Lipids contain more calories per gram (energy) compared to carbohydrates Insulation Protection Prevent water loss Hormones for sending chemical messages (steroids & testosterone)

Functions of the lipids: 6. Phospholipids make up cell membrane Hydrophilic heads- water-loving (on the outside touching water) Hydrophobic tails- water-fearing (on the inside away from water) This helps form a barrier between the outside & inside of the cell

Brown Bag Test: Foods that contain lipids will leave a greasy mark that turns the paper bag translucent

3. Proteins Made of: CHON – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Monomer: Amino Acid 20 different types depending on R-groups Polymer: Polypeptide Shape determines the protein’s function Held together by hydrogen bonds called peptide bonds.

Functions: Transport (hemoglobin) Regulate organs (hormones) Form muscles & bones Structure of hair & nails (keratin) Control chemical reactions (enzymes) Fight disease (antibodies)

For proteins: SHAPE matters! Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs growth hormone hemoglobin pepsin collagen

Protein Structures The four protein structures are: Primary Describes the unique order of the amino acids joined together to make the protein Secondary Refers to the coiling and folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape Examples: alpha (α) helix and beta (β) pleated sheet Tertiary Comprehensive 3-D structure of the polypeptide Quaternary Refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

Protein Structures Primary Protein Structure: Sequence of a chain of amino acids Tertiary Protein Structure: Occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets Secondary Protein Structure: Occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds Quaternary Protein Structure: A protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain Protein Structures

Biuret Solution: The peptide bonds in proteins bind with the copper ions in the Biuret reagent and produce a violet color

Sources of Protein Meats, Beans, Nuts & Eggs

4. Nucleic Acids Made of: CHONP - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Monomers: Nucleotide (3 parts) 1. Sugar 2. Base 3. Phosphate group Nucleotides are joined together by covalent/ phosphodiester bonds to form DNA & RNA

2 types of Polymer: DNA and RNA

Function: Stores & transmits genetic information

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM