OTHER MOTIVATIONS

AFFILIATION MOTIVE DEF: the need to associate with others and maintain special bonds Humans are social creatures Quality of relationships is a major determinant of happiness

AFFILIATION MOTIVE CONTINUED Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measures strength of affiliation People who score high devote more time to interpersonal activities and worry more about acceptance

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE DEF: the need to master difficult challenges, to out-perform others, and to meet high standards of excellence The desire to excel, especially in competition

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE CONTINUED High scores on TAT tend to work harder and more persistently than low scores They are more future-oriented They seek competitive, entrepreneurial occupations

SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIOR Strength of one’s motivation to achieve success One’s estimate of the probability of success Incentive value of success

FEAR OF FAILURE Motivation to avoid failure varies Emotion can cause motivation Motivation can cause emotion

THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE Emotion: involves 1)a subjective conscious experience accompanied by 2)bodily arousal and by 3)characteristic overt expressions

COGNITIVE COMPONENT: SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS Emotion is highly subjective Involves an evaluative aspect Each person has to characterize their own emotions

PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENT: DIFFUSE AND MULTIFACETED Emotions are accompanied by a visceral arousal Most physiological arousal is assoc. with the autonomic nervous system Galvanic skin response (GSR): an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity

NEURAL CIRCUITS Amygdala plays a role in the modulation of emotion Thalamus sends info to amygdala Amygdala responds quickly if threat detected Prefrontal cortex responsible for processing meaning of emotional events

BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT: NONVERBAL EXPRESSIVENESS Emotions are expressed in “body language” Facial expressions reveal variety of basic emotions Facial-feedback hypothesis: facial muscles send signals to the brain and these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing Facial expressions may be innate

CROSS-CULTURAL SIMILARITIES IN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE Tribes with no exposure to modern society correctly identified emotions displayed by facial expressions

CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE Differences shown in how people think about and express emotions Display rules: norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions. They prescribe when, how, and to whom people can show various emotions

THEORIES OF EMOTION

JAMES-LANGE THEORY The conscious experience of emotion results from one’s perception of autonomic arousal So, emotion is caused by the physiological reactions to stimuli

CANNON-BARD THEORY Emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system

SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY Experience of emotion depends on 2 factors: Autonomic arousal Cognitive interpretation of that arousal --When you experience a visceral arousal, you search your environment for an explanation --Combines James-Lange and Canon-Bard theories

EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF EMOTION Emotions are a result of adaptation Emotions are innate Emotions evolved before thought 8-10 primary emotions Other emotions come from 1) a blend of the primaries and 2) variations in intensity of the emotions