Solar Energy! Solar Energy – it’s a new thing, right? Nope. It’s old school… really old school. In fact, it’s the original power source for all life on Earth. Did you know that the sun beams enough energy in ONE HOUR to provide all the electricity needed GLOBALLY for an entire YEAR! The problem is, we aren’t very good at storing the sun’s energy.  (boo) Mother Nature, however, has been doing it for several billion years – no batteries or unsightly transformer stations required, and it’s completely wireless. What is her secret? _____________________________________________________________

Chemistry! Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that turns the sun’s energy into ______________________. We (and other heterotrophs) eat the plants. Then in our cells, another set of chemical reactions happen where the energy in sugar stored in molecules called ___________________. The chemical reactions inside our cells that convert Sugar energy to ATP molecules are known collectively as ______________________ ____________________________.

Cellular Energy = Life Cells run on ATP. It’s their fuel! They don’t run on sugar directly… or protein or electricity or will power or anything else. If a cell is to do it’s job, it must have ATP to do it. In fact, when a cell runs out of ATP, it dies. And if enough of the cells in an organism die, then the organism itself dies. Why do you need oxygen? Because your cells use it to make ATP. Why do you need food? Because ________________________________________________________________.

How do cells do it? Since we don’t eat ATP molecules, cells have to make their own ATP. This is the job of organelles inside the cell called ____________________________________________. Notice that plant cells have them too. Photosynthesis makes sugar, it doesn’t make ATP. Plant cells have to do _____________________________ ______________________________ to make ATP. Circle the ATP in the animal and the plant cells above. Most cells have 1,000 – 2,000 mitochondria each! When you do aerobic exercise regularly, your mitochondria become more efficient. When you do a LOT of aerobic exercise regularly, your cells will make more mitochondria!

What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate is just a molecule. And like all molecules, there is energy in the bonds that hold the atoms together that make up the molecule. The real action in an ATP molecule is in the bonds that hold the 3 phosphate groups together. The 3 phosphate groups are on the left – go ahead and circle them on your paper now.

Basically, ATP molecules are like ____________________ batteries Basically, ATP molecules are like ____________________ batteries. When a cell uses energy to do something (like endocytosis), ATP molecules become “run-down” like a spent battery. “Used” ATP becomes ADP. Instead of three phosphate groups, ADP has _______ phosphate groups. ADP molecules just hang out in the cell waiting to be _______________________ through the process of __________________________ _____________________________.

2 2 32 Let’s look at where the chemistry that recharges ADP happens. _______________________________ have a membrane inside their membrane! List the three stages of cellular respiration here as we discuss them: _______________________________________________ where does this happen? ________________________ How many ATP? _____ 2) _______________________________________________ 3) _______________________________________________ 2 2 32

So where does the oxygen come in? Take a look on page 252 of your textbook and read the 3 paragraphs in the section titled “Oxygen and Energy” When you are finished, go back and write the definition of each: Aerobic: ___________________________________ Anaerobic: ___________________________________ Which part of cellular respiration is anaerobic? ______________________________________ Which parts are aerobic? _____________________________________ Which part requires oxygen directly? _________________________________________ Which part produces the most ATP? __________________________________________

Fermentation makes ATP too! Many organisms can make ATP without oxygen through the process of ____________________________. Look in your book on page 263. What are the two types of fermentation? 1) ___________________________________________________________ 2) ___________________________________________________________ Name an organism that does alcoholic fermentation: _________________________________ Name two organisms that do lactic acid fermentation: 1) ________________________________________ 2) ________________________________________

ATP and Exercise Your body can make ATP through cellular respiration as long as there is oxygen available. It can make ATP without oxygen too, but not for very long. Read book pages 264-265 and answer the following: What are the 3 sources of ATP available in our bodies? __________________________________________ Your body can produce ATP through lactic acid fermentation for about how long? ___________________________ Why do you breathe heavily after a quick spring? ____________________________________________________ How does your body produce ATP for efforts that go on longer than 2-3 minutes? ___________________________ What is the advantage of lactic acid fermentation over cellular respiration? __________________________________________________________________________