3-3: Later English Colonization, 1660s-1700s

Objectives NAT 1.0 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity. CUL 1.0 Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life. WOR 1.0 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.

Objectives POL 1.0 Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and alignments have developed and changed. WXT 1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society. WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.

Key Concept The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

Restoration Colonies South Carolina North Carolina New York New Jersey Ties to Barbados Rice plantations North Carolina Small, self-sufficient farms New York Ousting of Dutch control New Jersey

Restoration Colonies Pennsylvania Quakers William Penn Equality of the sexes Pacifism Freedom of worship William Penn “Holy Experiment” Representative assembly Freedom of religion No tax-supported church Anti-slavery Fair treatment of Indians

Restoration Colonies Delaware Georgia Military buffer Debtor colony Direct financial support from England Debtor colony

Mercantilism and the Empire English economic philosophy Favorable balance of trade Colonial economy subordinate to Britain Navigation Acts

Mercantilism and the Empire Impact on the Colonies Positive New England shipbuilding Chesapeake tobacco British protection Negative Manufacturing limited Trade only with England Low profit, high prices Restrictions unnecessary!

Mercantilism and the Empire Enforcement of the Acts Salutary Neglect Led to individualism, self-reliance, and the ideal of independence Dominion of New England

The Institution of Slavery

The Institution of Slavery Overview Colonial Life Lent Itself to Slavery Abundance of land High European demand for colonial goods Long growing seasons Shortage of indentured servants

The Institution of Slavery Increased Demand for Slaves Indentured Servitude Headright system African slaves arrive—1619 End of Royal African slave monopoly—1670s Bacon’s Rebellion—1676 Dramatic increase in slaves by 1700 Slavery legal in all colonies

The Institution of Slavery Slave Codes As slave populations increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threats Strict racial system developed Black resistance Stono rebellion, 1739

Slave Codes Virginia, 1659 Virginia, 1662 “All persons except Negroes are to be provided with arms and ammunitions or be fined at the pleasure of the governor and council” Virginia, 1662 “Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishmen upon a Negro shall be slave or Free, Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present Grand assembly, that all children born in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother."

Slave Codes Virginia, 1705 South Carolina, 1712 “If any slave resists his master...correcting such a slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction...the master shall be free of all punishment...as if such accident never happened.” South Carolina, 1712 “Any slave attempting to run away and leave the colony receives the death penalty”

Slave Codes South Carolina, 1712 “Owners refusing to abide by the slave code are fined and forfeit ownership of their slaves” “Slave homes are to be searched every two weeks for weapons or stolen goods. Punishment for violations escalate to include loss of ear, branding, and nose-slitting, and for the fourth offense, death.”

The Institution of Slavery Triangular Trade Goods and people traded Europe Africa Caribbean Southern Colonies New England Middle Passage