The Beginning of Reconstruction End of Civil War The Beginning of Reconstruction

Bell Work The ultimate goal of the Civil War was to reunify the United States, and establish the existence of Diety Pierce Horton…predict three things that will be necessary in order to do so…

A. North Achieves Victory 1. Northern victory at Vicksburg secures control of Mississippi River and promotes Ulysses S. Grant to command all Union forces

2. U. S. Victory at Gettysburg crushes Confederate General Robert E 2. U.S. Victory at Gettysburg crushes Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s strength and turns tide of war to the Union advantage

Gettysburg Address

Grant begins to pursue Lee into Virginia William Tecumseh Sherman marches from Tennessee to Eastern Coast (burns Atlanta) creating mile-wide path of destruction – demoralizes South

5. The South Crumbles Desertions increase Starvation / no war supplies Disillusionment Landscape devastated

6. South Surrenders Grant’s troops advance upon Lee’s troops at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia April 1865 – Lee surrenders to Grant Civil War is over

B. Immediate Effects of War Over 600,000 killed Hundreds of thousands permanently disabled

2. End to Slavery Lincoln and Congress pass the 13th Amendment – prohibits slavery in America Over 3 million people freed Lincoln creates “Freedman’s Bureau” to help newly freed men and women (education, family reunification, housing, etc.)

4. North prospers, the South is destroyed 5. Congress is dominated by Northern Republicans (southern states do not have representation in Congress) 6. Lincoln is assasinated several days after the surrender at Appomattox by Southern sympathizer John Wilkes Booth

What are 3 things you would require the South to do to let them become a full state again?

Reconstruction New President Andrew Johnson and the Republican Congress conflict on how to reconstruct the union a. Johnson too lenient b. Congress wants to punish the South

Congress passes massive Reconstruction legislation Civil Rights Act: protects the civil rights of Blacks in the South 14th Amendment: guaranteed citizenship rights to ALL Americans Wade-Davis Bill: states that Southern states won’t be re-admitted to the Union until a majority of their voting population takes a loyalty oath to union and state constitutions must guarantee civil rights of Blacks 15th Amendment: guaranteed right to vote for all American men Military Reconstruction Act: divided the South into 5 districts that would be controlled by Union military leaders until states were readmitted

Johnson’s opposition to Congressional Acts leads Congress to impeach Johnson

4. Southern reaction to Reconstruction Hostility and anger towards Northerners and Blacks Creates “Black Codes” to severely restrict rights of newly freed people (ex: vagrancy laws, curfews, etc.)

c. Voting restrictions were imposed against Black Americans Poll taxes – pay to vote Literacy tests – must read to vote Grandfather Clause – you could only vote if your Grandfather voted in the Election of 1860

d. Southern plantation owners use sharecropping system to manipulate black labor

Groups like the KKK form to oppress, intimidate, terrorize black population and Northerners (worked to prevent voting rights, used “lynch law”)

5. Reconstruction efforts fade by the 1870s – all Southern states are allowed back into the union even though oppression and inequality for blacks in South was stronger than ever