Chapter 12 Crusades and culture in the middle ages LESSON 1 – MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY LESSON 2 – THE CRUSADES LESSON 3 – CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES LESSON 4 – THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 1286 eye glasses invented in Italy 1321 Dante completes his epic poem The Divine Comedy www.glscott.org

CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES From 1100-1300, Europe had a great increase in architecture and intellectual achievement New Churches were built: GOTHIC STYLE* 1) vaulted ceilings *A term used by some writers in the renaissance to describe the architecture – so ugly that only the barbarians Goths could have built it 1163 Construction of Notre Dame begins www.glscott.org

CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 2) flying buttresses www.glscott.org

CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 3) thinner walls 4) more stained-glass windows www.glscott.org

CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES Universities brought revival to learning: Bologna: first university in Europe in 1088 2) Oxford University: late 1300's in England Cathedral schools Bishops, archbishops in France, Italy organized schools Cathedral schools concentrated on liberal arts Some offered instruction in law, medicine, and theology Universities Large cathedral schools developed into universities Most students trained for church, bureaucratic jobs Most students were from middle classes and not nobility Student guilds and faculty guilds Chief degree was theology www.glscott.org

CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES Universities brought revival to learning: By 1500, there were 80 universities in Europe The most highly regarded subject was theology, which is the study of religion and God Scholasticism tried to reconcile faith and reason to show that they are in harmony Method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics," or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context 1300 20 universities 1500 60 universities   Driven by Reading public Medieval documents - not all are works of art Illuminated books - expensive Most reading in Medieval period is public reading read allowed Middle Ages cities and towns were the engines of economic prosperity www.glscott.org

CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES Literature Latin was the language of the Catholic Church and medieval society, but soon, literature began to be written in the vernacular – everyday languages spoken by the people such as: French, German, Spanish, English vernacular – everyday languages spoken by the people such as ACTUALLY MEANS – NOT LATIN www.glscott.org

CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES Literature Canterbury Tales: Geoffrey Chaucer wrote this collection of short stories about pilgrims on a journey to a shrine in Canterbury, England story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury in order to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral Medieval documents - not all are works of art Illuminated books – expensive (took 3 years for a bible to be copied) Most reading in Medieval period is public reading read allowed www.glscott.org